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Comput."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In virtual environments, spatial information is communicated visually. This prevents people with visual impairment (PVI) from accessing such spaces. In this article, we investigate whether echolocation could be used as a tool to convey spatial information by answering the following research questions: What features of virtual space can be perceived by PVI through the use of echolocation? How does active echolocation support PVI in acquiring spatial knowledge of a virtual space? And what are PVI\u2019s opinions regarding the use of echolocation to acquire landmark and survey knowledge of virtual space? To answer these questions, we conducted a two-part within-subjects experiment with 12 people who were blind or had a visual impairment and found that size and materials of rooms and 90-degree turns were detectable through echolocation, participants preferred using echoes derived from footsteps rather than from artificial sound pulses, and echolocation supported the acquisition of mental maps of a virtual space. Ultimately, we propose that appropriately designed echolocation in virtual environments improves understanding of spatial information and access to digital games for PVI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3448273","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T10:27:17Z","timestamp":1616063237000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Echolocation as a Means for People with Visual Impairment (PVI) to Acquire Spatial Knowledge of Virtual Space"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ronny","family":"Andrade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Waycott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vetere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 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