{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T19:48:32Z","timestamp":1776800912851,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Internet Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)<\/jats:bold>\n            can boost the development of smart cities, and artificial intelligence and edge computing are key technologies that support the implementation of ITS. Vehicle localization is critical for ITS since the safety driving and location-aware serves highly depend on the accurate location information. In this article, we construct a vehicle localization system architecture composed of multiple\n            <jats:bold>Internet of Things (IoT)<\/jats:bold>\n            with arbitrary array configuration and a large amount of vehicles in smart cities. In order to deal with the coexisting of circular and non-circular signals transmitted by vehicles, we proposed several vehicle number estimation methods for non-circular signals. Based on the machine learning technique, we extend the vehicle number estimation method into mixed signals in more complex scenario of smart cities. Then the DOA estimation method for non-circular signals based on IoT is proposed, and then the performance of this method is analyzed as well. Simulation outcomes verify the excellent performance of the proposed vehicle number estimation methods and the DOA estimation method in smart cities, and the vehicle positions can be achieved with high estimation accuracy.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3448612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T20:36:58Z","timestamp":1628627818000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Machine Learning Empowered IoT for Intelligent Vehicle Location in Smart Cities"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0574-8360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liangtian","family":"Wan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, School of Software, Dalian University of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province, School of Software, Dalian University of Technology"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Engineering, Institute of Information Science Technology, Dalian Maritime University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"the State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea and School of Information and Communication Engineering, Hainan University, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2006.873505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1761","article-title":"A new source number detection algorithm based on fuzzy clustering","volume":"28","author":"Bao Zhiqiang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zhiqiang Bao , Bing Han , and Shunjun Wu . 2006 . A new source number detection algorithm based on fuzzy clustering . Journal of Electronics and Information Technology 28 , 10 (2006), 1761 \u2013 1765 . Zhiqiang Bao, Bing Han, and Shunjun Wu. 2006. A new source number detection algorithm based on fuzzy clustering. Journal of Electronics and Information Technology 28, 10 (2006), 1761\u20131765.","journal-title":"Journal of Electronics and Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1332","article-title":"Gerschgorin disks based on total least squares for source number estimation","volume":"33","author":"Cai Jin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jin Cai , Chunsheng Liu , Chen Jianmin , and Wei Min . 2017 . Gerschgorin disks based on total least squares for source number estimation . Journal of Signal Processing 33 , 10 (2017), 1332 \u2013 1337 . Jin Cai, Chunsheng Liu, Chen Jianmin, and Wei Min. 2017. Gerschgorin disks based on total least squares for source number estimation. Journal of Signal Processing 33, 10 (2017), 1332\u20131337.","journal-title":"Journal of Signal Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Broadband beamspace DOA estimation algorithms for low frequency conformal array","volume":"30","author":"Feng Jie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jie Feng , Yixin Yang , and Sun Chao . 2008 . Broadband beamspace DOA estimation algorithms for low frequency conformal array . Systems Engineering and Electronics 30 , 1 (2008), 24 \u2013 27 . Jie Feng, Yixin Yang, and Sun Chao. 2008. Broadband beamspace DOA estimation algorithms for low frequency conformal array. Systems Engineering and Electronics 30, 1 (2008), 24\u201327.","journal-title":"Systems Engineering and Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1700246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"1756","article-title":"Robust direction and position errors calibration for conformal array antenna in the presence of vibration","volume":"26","author":"Hou Qingsong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Qingsong Hou , Ying Guo , Buhong Wang , Wenlin Hou , and Xia Liu . 2010 . Robust direction and position errors calibration for conformal array antenna in the presence of vibration . Signal Processing 26 , 11 (2010), 1756 \u2013 1760 . Qingsong Hou, Ying Guo, Buhong Wang, Wenlin Hou, and Xia Liu. 2010. Robust direction and position errors calibration for conformal array antenna in the presence of vibration. Signal Processing 26, 11 (2010), 1756\u20131760.","journal-title":"Signal Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","first-page":"1133","article-title":"Research, simulation and application of signal number estimator based on fuzzy clustering","volume":"20","author":"Hu Jun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jun Hu . 2008 . Research, simulation and application of signal number estimator based on fuzzy clustering . Journal of System Simulation 20 , 5 (2008), 1133 \u2013 1138 . Jun Hu. 2008. Research, simulation and application of signal number estimator based on fuzzy clustering. Journal of System Simulation 20, 5 (2008), 1133\u20131138.","journal-title":"Journal of System Simulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1076535"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/29.60074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","series-title":"Journal of Physics: Conference Series","volume-title":"A method for source number estimation with density-based clustering algorithm","author":"Li Qi","year":"2072","unstructured":"Qi Li , Jinzhi Ning , and Jiao Dou . 2020. A method for source number estimation with density-based clustering algorithm . In Journal of Physics: Conference Series , Vol. 1607 . IOP Publishing , 01 2072 . Qi Li, Jinzhi Ning, and Jiao Dou. 2020. A method for source number estimation with density-based clustering algorithm. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1607. IOP Publishing, 012072."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Estimation method for the number of sources based on modified K-means clustering","volume":"33","author":"Ma Ding","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ding Ma and Cong Song . 2011 . Estimation method for the number of sources based on modified K-means clustering . Journal of Detection and Control 33 , 1 (2011), 32 \u2013 35 . Ding Ma and Cong Song. 2011. Estimation method for the number of sources based on modified K-means clustering. Journal of Detection and Control 33, 1 (2011), 32\u201335.","journal-title":"Journal of Detection and Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2018.1700298"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2712560"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133327"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","first-page":"1919","article-title":"Blind DOA estimation algorithm for conical conformal array antenna with respect to polarization diversity","volume":"37","author":"Qi Zisen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zisen Qi , Ying Guo , Weifeng Ji , and Buhong Wang . 2009 . Blind DOA estimation algorithm for conical conformal array antenna with respect to polarization diversity . Acta Electronica Sinica 37 , 9 (2009), 1919 \u2013 1925 . Zisen Qi, Ying Guo, Weifeng Ji, and Buhong Wang. 2009. Blind DOA estimation algorithm for conical conformal array antenna with respect to polarization diversity. Acta Electronica Sinica 37, 9 (2009), 1919\u20131925.","journal-title":"Acta Electronica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Blind DOA estimation algorithm of coherent sources for conical conformal array antenna with respect to polarization diversity","volume":"6","author":"Qi Zisen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zisen Qi , Ying Guo , Buhong Wang , and Haining Fan . 2011 . Blind DOA estimation algorithm of coherent sources for conical conformal array antenna with respect to polarization diversity . Systems Engineering and Electronics 6 (2011), 1226 \u2013 1230 . Zisen Qi, Ying Guo, Buhong Wang, and Haining Fan. 2011. Blind DOA estimation algorithm of coherent sources for conical conformal array antenna with respect to polarization diversity. Systems Engineering and Electronics 6 (2011), 1226\u20131230.","journal-title":"Systems Engineering and Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"2674","article-title":"Performance analysis of MUSIC conformal array","volume":"11","author":"Qi Zisen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zisen Qi , Ying Guo , Buhong Wang , and Cheng Gong . 2008 . Performance analysis of MUSIC conformal array . Journal of Electronics and Information Technology 11 (2008), 2674 \u2013 2677 . Zisen Qi, Ying Guo, Buhong Wang, and Cheng Gong. 2008. Performance analysis of MUSIC conformal array. Journal of Electronics and Information Technology 11 (2008), 2674\u20132677.","journal-title":"Journal of Electronics and Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"1727","article-title":"DOA estimation for cylindrical conformal array antenna based on ESPRIT algorithm","volume":"33","author":"Qi Zisen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zisen Qi , Ying Guo , Buhong Wang , and Wenjun Huo . 2011 . DOA estimation for cylindrical conformal array antenna based on ESPRIT algorithm . Systems Engineering and Electronics 33 , 8 (2011), 1727 \u2013 1731 . Zisen Qi, Ying Guo, Buhong Wang, and Wenjun Huo. 2011. DOA estimation for cylindrical conformal array antenna based on ESPRIT algorithm. Systems Engineering and Electronics 33, 8 (2011), 1727\u20131731.","journal-title":"Systems Engineering and Electronics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Blind DOA estimation algorithm for cylindrical conformal array with respect to polarization diversity","volume":"26","author":"Qi Zisen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zisen Qi , Ying Guo , Buhong Wang , and Zhanhong Yao . 2011 . Blind DOA estimation algorithm for cylindrical conformal array with respect to polarization diversity . Radio Science 26 , 2 (2011), 245 \u2013 252 . Zisen Qi, Ying Guo, Buhong Wang, and Zhanhong Yao. 2011. Blind DOA estimation algorithm for cylindrical conformal array with respect to polarization diversity. Radio Science 26, 2 (2011), 245\u2013252.","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2010.0166"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2003.821101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2885942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/25.330153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2754487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3151006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.02.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","article-title":"Autonomous vehicle source enumeration exploiting non-cooperative UAV in software defined internet of vehicles","volume":"10","author":"Wan Liangtian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liangtian Wan , Lu Sun , Kaihui Liu , Xianpeng Wang , Qingqing Lin , and Tong Zhu . 2020 . Autonomous vehicle source enumeration exploiting non-cooperative UAV in software defined internet of vehicles . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI : 10 .1109\/TITS.2020.3018377 (2020). 10.1109\/TITS.2020.3018377 Liangtian Wan, Lu Sun, Kaihui Liu, Xianpeng Wang, Qingqing Lin, and Tong Zhu. 2020. Autonomous vehicle source enumeration exploiting non-cooperative UAV in software defined internet of vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI:10.1109\/TITS.2020.3018377 (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","article-title":"Deep learning based autonomous vehicle super resolution DOA estimation for safety driving","volume":"10","author":"Wan Liangtian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liangtian Wan , Yuchen Sun , Lu Sun , Zhaolong Ning , and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues . 2020 . Deep learning based autonomous vehicle super resolution DOA estimation for safety driving . IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI : 10 .1109\/TITS.2020.3009223. (2020). 10.1109\/TITS.2020.3009223 Liangtian Wan, Yuchen Sun, Lu Sun, Zhaolong Ning, and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues. 2020. Deep learning based autonomous vehicle super resolution DOA estimation for safety driving. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI:10.1109\/TITS.2020.3009223. (2020).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, DOI"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2905788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER11031703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Fast DOA estimation based on cylindrical conformal array","volume":"27","author":"Yang Peng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peng Yang , Feng Yang , Zaiping Nie , Biao Li , and Xianfa Tang . 2012 . Fast DOA estimation based on cylindrical conformal array . Radio Science 27 , 1 (2012), 61 \u2013 65 . Peng Yang, Feng Yang, Zaiping Nie, Biao Li, and Xianfa Tang. 2012. Fast DOA estimation based on cylindrical conformal array. Radio Science 27, 1 (2012), 61\u201365.","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Search-free DOA estimation algorithms based on conformal antenna array","volume":"27","author":"Yang Peng","year":"2012","unstructured":"Peng Yang , Feng Yang , Zaiping Nie , and Haijing Zhou . 2012 . Search-free DOA estimation algorithms based on conformal antenna array . Radio Science 27 , 2 (2012), 241 \u2013 245 . Peng Yang, Feng Yang, Zaiping Nie, and Haijing Zhou. 2012. Search-free DOA estimation algorithms based on conformal antenna array. Radio Science 27, 2 (2012), 241\u2013245.","journal-title":"Radio Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER10011904"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Performance comparison between two different virtual transformations of the hemisphere conformal array","volume":"41","author":"Zhang Xuejing","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xuejing Zhang , Zhiwei Yang , and Liao Guisheng . 2014 . Performance comparison between two different virtual transformations of the hemisphere conformal array . IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 41 , 3 (2014), 33 \u2013 40 . Xuejing Zhang, Zhiwei Yang, and Liao Guisheng. 2014. Performance comparison between two different virtual transformations of the hemisphere conformal array. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 41, 3 (2014), 33\u201340.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER08090703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Source number estimation based on support vector machine","volume":"32","author":"Zhao Huiqiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huiqiang Zhao , Yuping Zhang , and Zhao Bo . 2017 . Source number estimation based on support vector machine . Journal of Hebei University of Science and Technology 32 , 4 (2017), 343 \u2013 346 . Huiqiang Zhao, Yuping Zhang, and Zhao Bo. 2017. Source number estimation based on support vector machine. Journal of Hebei University of Science and Technology 32, 4 (2017), 343\u2013346.","journal-title":"Journal of Hebei University of Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Performance analysis of WSF algorithm DOA estimation of cylindrical conformal array antenna","volume":"9","author":"Zhou Jianyi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jianyi Zhou , Buhong Wang , Zisen Qi , and Ying Guo . 2008 . Performance analysis of WSF algorithm DOA estimation of cylindrical conformal array antenna . IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 9 , 4 (2008), 74 \u2013 78 . Jianyi Zhou, Buhong Wang, Zisen Qi, and Ying Guo. 2008. Performance analysis of WSF algorithm DOA estimation of cylindrical conformal array antenna. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 9, 4 (2008), 74\u201378.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3448612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3448612","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:47:43Z","timestamp":1750193263000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3448612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3448612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3448612","relation":{},"ISSN":["1533-5399","1557-6051"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1533-5399","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-6051","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}