{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T09:01:40Z","timestamp":1775034100398,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]],"date-time":"2021-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>People often prefer to consume news with similar political predispositions and access like-minded news articles, which aggravates polarized clusters known as \"echo chamber\". To mitigate this phenomenon, we propose a computer-aided solution to help combat extreme political polarization. Specifically, we present a framework for reversing or neutralizing the political polarity of news headlines and articles. The framework leverages the attention mechanism of a Transformer-based language model to first identify polar sentences, and then either flip the polarity to the neutral or to the opposite through a GAN network. Tested on the same benchmark dataset, our framework achieves a 3%-10% improvement on the flipping\/neutralizing success rate of headlines compared with the current state-of-the-art model. Adding to prior literature, our framework not only flips the polarity of headlines but also extends the task of polarity flipping to full-length articles. Human evaluation results show that our model successfully neutralizes or reverses the polarity of news without reducing readability. We release a large annotated dataset that includes both news headlines and full-length articles with polarity labels and meta-data to be used for future research. Our framework has a potential to be used by social scientists, content creators and content consumers in the real world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3449139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T17:47:23Z","timestamp":1619113643000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Transformer-based Framework for Neutralizing and Reversing the Political Polarity of News Articles"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Ruibo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA"}]},{"given":"Chenyan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA"}]},{"given":"Soroush","family":"Vosoughi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Democracy for realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government","author":"Achen Christopher H","unstructured":"Christopher H Achen and Larry M Bartels. 2017. Democracy for realists: Why elections do not produce responsive government. Vol. 4. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Likert scale revisited","volume":"39","author":"Albaum Gerald","year":"1997","unstructured":"Gerald Albaum. 1997. The Likert scale revisited. Market Research Society. Journal., Vol. 39, 2 (1997), 1--21.","journal-title":"Journal."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-007-9044-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jip.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804840115"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"How to identify, expose & correct liberal media bias","author":"Baker Brent H","unstructured":"Brent H Baker, Tim Graham, and Steve Kaminsky. 1994. How to identify, expose & correct liberal media bias. Media Research Center Alexandria, VA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068812462931"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/590649"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Predicting Factuality of Reporting and Bias of News Media Sources. ArXiv","author":"Baly R.","year":"2018","unstructured":"R. Baly, Georgi Karadzhov, Dimitar Alexandrov, James R. Glass, and Preslav Nakov. 2018. Predicting Factuality of Reporting and Bias of News Media Sources. ArXiv, Vol. abs\/1810.01765 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2004.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"et almbox","author":"Baum Matthew A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matthew A Baum, Phil Gussin, et almbox. 2008. In the eye of the beholder: How information shortcuts shape individual perceptions of bias in the media. Quarterly Journal of political science, Vol. 3, 1 (2008), 1--31."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055416000058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2008.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6212"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691610393980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1532673X09349912"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Where News Audiences Fit on the Political Spectrum. (October","author":"Pew Research Center","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2014. Where News Audiences Fit on the Political Spectrum. (October 2014). https:\/\/www.journalism.org\/interactives\/media-polarization\/table\/overall\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"BoFGAN: Towards A New Structure of Backward-or-Forward Generative Adversarial Nets. In International World Wide Web Conference '19","author":"Chen Mark S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mark S Chen, Xinyi Lin, Chen Wei, and Rui Yan. 2019. BoFGAN: Towards A New Structure of Backward-or-Forward Generative Adversarial Nets. In International World Wide Web Conference '19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-6509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Infogan: Interpretable representation learning by information maximizing generative adversarial nets. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 2172--2180.","author":"Chen Xi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xi Chen, Yan Duan, Rein Houthooft, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Pieter Abbeel. 2016. Infogan: Interpretable representation learning by information maximizing generative adversarial nets. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 2172--2180."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Psychological bulletin","author":"Cooper Harris","unstructured":"Harris Cooper. 2003. Psychological bulletin. American Psychological Association, 555."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere. Information, communication & society","author":"Dahlberg Lincoln","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lincoln Dahlberg. 2001. The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere. Information, communication & society, Vol. 4, 4 (2001), 615--633."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Partisan cues and the media: Information flows in the 1992 presidential election. American Political Science Review","author":"Dalton Russell J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Russell J Dalton, Paul A Beck, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. Partisan cues and the media: Information flows in the 1992 presidential election. American Political Science Review (1998), 111--126."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","volume":"1","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). 4171--4186."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/230995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068818820671"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.polisci.11.053106.153836"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"When the people speak: Deliberative democracy and public consultation","author":"Fishkin James S","unstructured":"James S Fishkin. 2011. When the people speak: Deliberative democracy and public consultation. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107769900007700304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology.","author":"Frey Dieter","unstructured":"Dieter Frey. 1986. Recent research on selective exposure to information. In Advances in experimental social psychology. Vol. 19. Elsevier, 41--80."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Fu Zhenxin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhenxin Fu, Xiaoye Tan, Nanyun Peng, Dongyan Zhao, and Rui Yan. 2018. Style transfer in text: Exploration and evaluation. In AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2946645.2946704"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"What drives media slant. Evidence from US daily newspapers","author":"Gentzkow Matthew","unstructured":"Matthew Gentzkow and Jesse M Shapiro. 2006. What drives media slant. Evidence from US daily newspapers. University of Chicago Technical report (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA7195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-2906"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Ian Goodfellow Jean Pouget-Abadie Mehdi Mirza Bing Xu David Warde-Farley Sherjil Ozair Aaron Courville and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Generative adversarial nets. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 2672--2680."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5907.2009.00402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-040811-115123"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0738894209104551"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/003355305775097542"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"everything in moderation: New evidence on Americans' online media diets. Unpublished manuscript).","author":"Guess Andrew M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andrew M Guess. 2018. everything in moderation: New evidence on Americans' online media diets. Unpublished manuscript). Retrieved from https:\/\/webspace. princeton. edu\/users\/aguess\/Guess_OnlineMediaDiets. pdf (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322846"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10584600152400338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2017.1345643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the sixth workshop on statistical machine translation.","author":"Heafield Kenneth","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kenneth Heafield. 2011. KenLM: Faster and smaller language model queries. In Proceedings of the sixth workshop on statistical machine translation."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/100.00008048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3305381.3305545"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Accessibility and the political utility of partisan and ideological orientations. American Journal of Political Science","author":"Huckfeldt Robert","year":"1999","unstructured":"Robert Huckfeldt, Jeffrey Levine, William Morgan, and John Sprague. 1999. Accessibility and the political utility of partisan and ideological orientations. American Journal of Political Science (1999), 888--911."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"NeuroIS Retreat","author":"Jia Chenyan","unstructured":"Chenyan Jia and Jacek Gwizdka. 2020. An Eye-Tracking Study of Differences in Reading Between Automated and Human-Written News. In NeuroIS Retreat. Springer, 100--110."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Disentangled representation learning for text style transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.04339","author":"John Vineet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vineet John, Lili Mou, Hareesh Bahuleyan, and Olga Vechtomova. 2018. Disentangled representation learning for text style transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.04339 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of political communication","author":"Kenski Kate","unstructured":"Kate Kenski and Kathleen Hall Jamieson. 2017. Political Messages and Partisanship. In The Oxford handbook of political communication. Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Ctrl: A conditional transformer language model for controllable generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05858","author":"Keskar Nitish Shirish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nitish Shirish Keskar, Bryan McCann, Lav R Varshney, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher. 2019. Ctrl: A conditional transformer language model for controllable generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05858 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650209333030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2011.01543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1388"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Gans for sequences of discrete elements with the gumbel-softmax distribution. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.04051","author":"Kusner Matt J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matt J Kusner and Jos\u00e9 Miguel Hern\u00e1ndez-Lobato. 2016. Gans for sequences of discrete elements with the gumbel-softmax distribution. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.04051 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Multiple-Attribute Text Rewriting. In International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Lample Guillaume","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guillaume Lample, Sandeep Subramanian, Eric Smith, Ludovic Denoyer, Marc'Aurelio Ranzato, and Y-Lan Boureau. 2019. Multiple-Attribute Text Rewriting. In International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Paul Felix Lazarsfeld Bernard Berelson and Hazel Gaudet. 1944. The people's choice. (1944)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951718756684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajps.12237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.","author":"Lin Yu-Ru","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yu-Ru Lin, James P Bagrow, and David Lazer. 2011. More voices than ever? quantifying media bias in networks. Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM","author":"Liu Ruibo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruibo Liu, Lili Wang, Chenyan Jia, and Soroush Vosoughi. 2021. Political Depolarization of News Articles Using Attribute-aware Word Embeddings, In Proceedings of the 15th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2021). arXiv preprint arXiv:2101.01391."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1318"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations. In The International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation","author":"Mikolov Tomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomas Mikolov, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, Christian Puhrsch, and Armand Joulin. 2018. Advances in Pre-Training Distributed Word Representations. In The International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","unstructured":"Sean A Munson Stephanie Y Lee and Paul Resnick. 2013. Encouraging reading of diverse political viewpoints with a browser widget. In Seventh international aaai conference on weblogs and social media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American political science review","author":"Mutz Diana C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Diana C Mutz and Paul S Martin. 2001. Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American political science review (2001), 97--114."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24121"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Running experiments on amazon mechanical turk. Judgment and Decision making","author":"Paolacci Gabriele","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gabriele Paolacci, Jesse Chandler, and Panagiotis G Ipeirotis. 2010. Running experiments on amazon mechanical turk. Judgment and Decision making, Vol. 5, 5 (2010), 411--419."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1518701.1518772"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.2017.0025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"Style transfer through back-translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.09000","author":"Prabhumoye Shrimai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yulia Tsvetkov, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Alan W Black. 2018. Style transfer through back-translation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.09000 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections","author":"Prior Markus","unstructured":"Markus Prior. 2007. Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-100711-135242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","volume-title":"Nathan Dass, Sadao Kurohashi, Dan Jurafsky, and Diyi Yang.","author":"Pryzant Reid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reid Pryzant, Richard Diehl Martinez, Nathan Dass, Sadao Kurohashi, Dan Jurafsky, and Diyi Yang. 2019. Automatically Neutralizing Subjective Bias in Text. arXiv preprint arXiv:1911.09709 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2944891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Pew Research. 2014. Political Polarization in the American Public."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/pla.2011.0036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer.","author":"Sasahara Kazutoshi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kazutoshi Sasahara, Wen Chen, Hao Peng, Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2019. On the inevitability of online echo chambers. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.03919 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer.","author":"Sasahara Kazutoshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kazutoshi Sasahara, Wen Chen, Hao Peng, Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia, Alessandro Flammini, and Filippo Menczer. 2020. Social influence and unfollowing accelerate the emergence of echo chambers. Journal of Computational Social Science (2020), 1--22."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","unstructured":"Margaret Scammell Holli Semetko and David Manning White. 1950. The \"Gate Keeper\": A Case Study In the Selection of News. In The Media Journalism and Democracy. 119--126."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcm.2018.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","volume-title":"Hyeon Seok Tom Yu, and GSB Stanford","author":"Seo Hyoung Ju","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hyoung Ju Seo, Hyeon Seok Tom Yu, and GSB Stanford. 2019. Analyzing the US Federal Legislation Texts: A Deep Learning Approach. Standford University Technical report (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","unstructured":"Tianxiao Shen Tao Lei Regina Barzilay and Tommi Jaakkola. 2017. Style transfer from non-parallel text by cross-alignment. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 6830--6841."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Political polarization in American politics","author":"Sides John","unstructured":"John Sides and Daniel J Hopkins. 2015. Political polarization in American politics. Bloomsbury Publishing USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","article-title":"Diversity of political conversation on the Internet: Users' perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Stromer-Galley Jennifer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jennifer Stromer-Galley. 2003. Diversity of political conversation on the Internet: Users' perspectives. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 8, 3 (2003), JCMC836.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Niche news: The politics of news choice","author":"Stroud Natalie Jomini","unstructured":"Natalie Jomini Stroud. 2011. Niche news: The politics of news choice. Oxford University Press on Demand."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.199668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160227"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2018.1511807"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani Noam Shazeer Niki Parmar Jakob Uszkoreit Llion Jones Aidan N Gomez \u0141ukasz Kaiser and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 5998--6008."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"What predicts selective exposure online: Testing political attitudes, credibility, and social identity. Communication Research","author":"Wojcieszak Magdalena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magdalena Wojcieszak. 2019. What predicts selective exposure online: Testing political attitudes, credibility, and social identity. Communication Research (2019), 0093650219844868."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"2019 b. \"Mask and Infill\": Applying Masked Language Model to Sentiment Transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08039","author":"Wu Xing","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xing Wu, Tao Zhang, Liangjun Zang, Jizhong Han, and Songlin Hu. 2019 b. \"Mask and Infill\": Applying Masked Language Model to Sentiment Transfer. arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08039 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"Xlnet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 5754--5764.","author":"Yang Zhilin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhilin Yang, Zihang Dai, Yiming Yang, Jaime Carbonell, Russ R Salakhutdinov, and Quoc V Le. 2019. Xlnet: Generalized autoregressive pretraining for language understanding. In Advances in neural information processing systems. 5754--5764."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1866696.1866719"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.10804"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3449139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3449139","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:17Z","timestamp":1750191497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3449139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3449139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3449139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}