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However, the occasional performance drop due to temporal lighting dynamics (e.g., guns or lights turning on and off) could hinder adoption in games or other applications where smooth high frame rate is preferred. In this paper we propose a novel usage of Control Variates (CV) in the sample domain instead of shading domain to maintain a consistent low pass time. Our algorithm seamlessly reduces to diffuse with zero scattering samples for sub-pixel scattering. We propose a novel joint-optimization algorithm for sample count and CV coefficient estimation. The main enabler is our novel time-variant covariance updating method that helps remove the effect of recent temporal dynamics from variance tracking. Since bandwidth is critical in real-time rendering, a solution without adding any extra textures is also provided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3451265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T04:17:37Z","timestamp":1619669857000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Real-time Subsurface Control Variates"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Olano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","unstructured":"Carol Alexander. 1999. Risk Management and Analysis. 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