{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:40:58Z","timestamp":1773193258988,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["IIP-1266400, IIP-1841545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIP-1266400, IIP-1841545"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"UCSC Center for Research in Storage Systems"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Storage"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Byte-addressable, non-volatile memory (NVM) presents an opportunity to rethink the entire system stack. We present Twizzler, an operating system redesign for this near-future. Twizzler removes the kernel from the I\/O path, provides programs with memory-style access to persistent data using small (64\u00a0bit), object-relative cross-object pointers, and enables simple and efficient long-term sharing of data both between applications and between runs of an application. Twizzler provides a clean-slate programming model for persistent data, realizing the vision of\n            <jats:sc>Unix<\/jats:sc>\n            in a world of persistent RAM.\n          <\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            We show that Twizzler is simpler, more extensible, and more secure than existing I\/O models and implementations by building software for Twizzler and evaluating it on NVM DIMMs. Most persistent pointer operations in Twizzler impose less than 0.5\u00a0ns added latency. Twizzler operations are up to\n            <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>\n                  \n                <\/jats:tex-math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            faster than\n            <jats:sc>Unix<\/jats:sc>\n            , and SQLite queries are up to\n            <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>\n                  \n                <\/jats:tex-math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            faster than on PMDK. YCSB workloads ran 1.1\u2013\n            <jats:inline-formula>\n              <jats:alternatives>\n                <jats:tex-math>\n                  \n                <\/jats:tex-math>\n              <\/jats:alternatives>\n            <\/jats:inline-formula>\n            faster on Twizzler than on native and NVM-optimized SQLite backends.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3454129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]],"date-time":"2021-06-08T19:14:02Z","timestamp":1623179642000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Twizzler: A\n            <i>Data-centric<\/i>\n            OS for Non-volatile Memory"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6095-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bittman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Santa Cruz, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Alvaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Mehra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IEEE Member, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darrell D. E.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ethan L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UC Santa Cruz, USA and Pure Storage, Santa Cruz, CA, Pure Storage, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The musl C Library. Retrieved from https:\/\/musl.libc.org\/.  [n.d.]. The musl C Library. Retrieved from https:\/\/musl.libc.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The Rust Programming Language. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rust-lang.org\/.  [n.d.]. The Rust Programming Language. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.rust-lang.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Technical Conference. USENIX, 93\u2013112","author":"Accetta Mike","year":"1986","unstructured":"Mike Accetta , Robert Baron , William Bolosky , David Golub , Richard Rashid , Avadis Tevanian , and Michael Young . 1986 . Mach: A new kernel foundation for UNIX development . In Proceedings of the USENIX Technical Conference. USENIX, 93\u2013112 . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/accetta-usenix86s.pdf. Mike Accetta, Robert Baron, William Bolosky, David Golub, Richard Rashid, Avadis Tevanian, and Michael Young. 1986. Mach: A new kernel foundation for UNIX development. In Proceedings of the USENIX Technical Conference. USENIX, 93\u2013112. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/accetta-usenix86s.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE\/14th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. IEEE.","author":"Ames Sasha","unstructured":"Sasha Ames , Nikhil Bobb , Kevin M. Greenan , Owen S. Hofmann , Mark W. Storer , Carlos Maltzahn , Ethan L. Miller , and Scott A. Brandt . 2006. LiFS: An attribute-rich file system for storage class memories . In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE\/14th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. IEEE. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/Papers\/ames-mss06.pdf. Sasha Ames, Nikhil Bobb, Kevin M. Greenan, Owen S. Hofmann, Mark W. Storer, Carlos Maltzahn, Ethan L. Miller, and Scott A. Brandt. 2006. LiFS: An attribute-rich file system for storage class memories. In Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE\/14th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies. IEEE. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/Papers\/ames-mss06.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1991596.1991599"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Piotr Balcer. 2015. An introduction to pmemobj (part 1) - accessing the persistent memory. Retrieved from https:\/\/pmem.io\/2015\/06\/13\/accessing-pmem.html.  Piotr Balcer. 2015. An introduction to pmemobj (part 1) - accessing the persistent memory. Retrieved from https:\/\/pmem.io\/2015\/06\/13\/accessing-pmem.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/961053.961069"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/224057.224077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1387589.1387611"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3357062.3357077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3365137.3365397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MICRO.2010.33"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/195792.195795"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123939.3124543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Howard Chu and Symas. [n.d.]. Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (part of the OpenLDAP project). Retrieved from https:\/\/symas.com\/lmdb\/.  Howard Chu and Symas. [n.d.]. Lightning Memory-Mapped Database (part of the OpenLDAP project). Retrieved from https:\/\/symas.com\/lmdb\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961296.1950380"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1629575.1629589"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1807128.1807152"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1463891.1463912"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/363095.363139"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.116849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/198008.198009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1921015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Emerging Memory Technologies: Design, Architecture, and Applications","author":"Dong Xiangyu","unstructured":"Xiangyu Dong , Cong Xu , Norm Jouppi , and Yuan Xie . 2014. Emerging Memory Technologies: Design, Architecture, and Applications . Springer , 15\u201350. Xiangyu Dong, Cong Xu, Norm Jouppi, and Yuan Xie. 2014. Emerging Memory Technologies: Design, Architecture, and Applications. Springer, 15\u201350."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2592798.2592814"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980024.2872366"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/822074.822385"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/822074.822387"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/224057.224076"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Hewlett Packard Enterprise. 2018. YCSB-C. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/HewlettPackard\/meadowlark\/tree\/master\/extra\/YCSB-C.  Hewlett Packard Enterprise. 2018. YCSB-C. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/HewlettPackard\/meadowlark\/tree\/master\/extra\/YCSB-C."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2831090.2831107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/121133.121138"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/296806.296838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2342821.2342850"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2893177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Mungi: A Distributed Single Address-Space Operating System. Technical Report 9314. School of Computer Science and Engineering","author":"Heiser Gernot","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gernot Heiser , Kevin Elphinstone , Stephen Russell , and Jerry Vochteloo . 1993 . Mungi: A Distributed Single Address-Space Operating System. Technical Report 9314. School of Computer Science and Engineering , University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http :\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/heiser-scse9314.pdf. Gernot Heiser, Kevin Elphinstone, Stephen Russell, and Jerry Vochteloo. 1993. Mungi: A Distributed Single Address-Space Operating System. Technical Report 9314. School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/heiser-scse9314.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1972457.1972488"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/167962.165907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3154690.3154757"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Zixuan Wang, Yi Xu, Subramanya R. Dulloor, Jishen Zhao, and Steven Swanson.","author":"Izraelevitz Joseph","year":"2019","unstructured":"Joseph Izraelevitz , Jian Yang , Lu Zhang , Juno Kim , Xiao Liu , Amirsaman Memaripour , Yun Joon Soh , Zixuan Wang, Yi Xu, Subramanya R. Dulloor, Jishen Zhao, and Steven Swanson. 2019 . Basic performance measurements of the Intel Optane DC persistent memory module. arXiv abs\/1903.05714 (2019). Joseph Izraelevitz, Jian Yang, Lu Zhang, Juno Kim, Xiao Liu, Amirsaman Memaripour, Yun Joon Soh, Zixuan Wang, Yi Xu, Subramanya R. Dulloor, Jishen Zhao, and Steven Swanson. 2019. Basic performance measurements of the Intel Optane DC persistent memory module. arXiv abs\/1903.05714 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/35037.42182"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWOOOS.1991.183037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/269005.266644"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1218063.1217949"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.and.EUC.2013.290"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3026877.3026882"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2851504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCD.2014.6974684"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3154601.3154605"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IPDPS.2004.1303232"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Energy-Efficient Design (WEED\u201913)","author":"Meza Justin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Justin Meza , Yixin Luo , Samira Khan , Jishen Zhao , Yuan Xie , and Onur Mutlu . 2013 . A case for efficient hardware\/software cooperative management of storage and memory . In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Energy-Efficient Design (WEED\u201913) . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/meza-weed13.pdf. Justin Meza, Yixin Luo, Samira Khan, Jishen Zhao, Yuan Xie, and Onur Mutlu. 2013. A case for efficient hardware\/software cooperative management of storage and memory. In Proceedings of the 5th Workshop on Energy-Efficient Design (WEED\u201913). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/meza-weed13.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2248487.2151018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3277332.3277354"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3352460.3358326"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2018.00037"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 99\u2013112","author":"Padioleau Yoann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yoann Padioleau and Olivier Ridoux . 2003 . A logic file system . In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 99\u2013112 . Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/padioleau-usenix03.pdf. Yoann Padioleau and Olivier Ridoux. 2003. A logic file system. In Proceedings of the USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 99\u2013112. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/padioleau-usenix03.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2611354.2611367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/191525.191537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andy Rudoff et\u00a0al. 2017. Persistent Memory Programming Library. Retrieved from http:\/\/pmem.io\/nvml\/.  Andy Rudoff et\u00a0al. 2017. Persistent Memory Programming Library. Retrieved from http:\/\/pmem.io\/nvml\/.","DOI":"10.1145\/3145617.3158213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3127479.3128610"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647057.713855"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/319344.319163"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Cricket: A Mapped, Persistent Object Store. Technical Report 956","author":"Shekita Eugene","year":"1990","unstructured":"Eugene Shekita and Michael Zwilling . 1990 . Cricket: A Mapped, Persistent Object Store. Technical Report 956 . University of Wisconsin. Retrieved from http :\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/shekita-uw-tr956.pdf. Eugene Shekita and Michael Zwilling. 1990. Cricket: A Mapped, Persistent Object Store. Technical Report 956. University of Wisconsin. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ssrc.ucsc.edu\/PaperArchive\/shekita-uw-tr956.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/874074.876268"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3007787.3001143"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1961296.1950379"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123939.3123981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355616.364017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2930583.2930608"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Storage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3454129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3454129","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3454129","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:49:52Z","timestamp":1750268992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3454129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3454129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3454129","relation":{},"ISSN":["1553-3077","1553-3093"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1553-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"1553-3093","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}