{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:32:30Z","timestamp":1770813150756,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":75,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]],"date-time":"2021-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3460112.3471947","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T12:39:58Z","timestamp":1632400798000},"page":"88-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["ElephantBook: A Semi-Automated Human-in-the-Loop System for Elephant Re-Identification"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Kulits","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Caltech"}]},{"given":"Jake","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colorado State University"}]},{"given":"Anka","family":"Bedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephants Alive"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Henley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elephants Alive"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Beery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caltech"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Deep Learning Methods and Applications for Animal Re-Identification Workshop at WACV 2020","year":"2020","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Deep Learning Methods and Applications for Animal Re-Identification Workshop at WACV 2020. https:\/\/sites.google.com\/corp\/view\/wacv2020animalreid\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Increased Security. https:\/\/maraelephantproject.org\/results\/increased-security\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https:\/\/www.iucnredlist.org\/en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. Vulcan EarthRanger: A Domain Awareness System. https:\/\/earthranger.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"[n.d.]. The Web framework for perfectionists with deadlines | Django. https:\/\/www.djangoproject.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2005.01117.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69649\/pachyderm.v61i.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Sara Beery Elijah Cole and Arvi Gjoka. 2020. The iWildCam 2020 Competition Dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.10340(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Sara Beery Dan Morris and Pietro Perona. 2019. The iWildCam 2019 Challenge Dataset. ArXiv abs\/1907.07617(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Sara Beery Dan Morris and Siyu Yang. 2019. Efficient Pipeline for Camera Trap Image Review. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.06772(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Sara Beery Grant van Horn Oisin MacAodha and Pietro Perona. 2019. The iWildCam 2018 Challenge Dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05986(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.01309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2015.11.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Wildbook: Crowdsourcing, computer vision, and data science for conservation. arXiv:1710.08880 [cs](2017)","author":"Berger-Wolf Y.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tanya\u00a0Y. Berger-Wolf, Daniel\u00a0I. Rubenstein, Charles\u00a0V. Stewart, Jason\u00a0A. Holmberg, Jason Parham, Sreejith Menon, Jonathan Crall, Jon Van\u00a0Oast, Emre Kiciman, and Lucas Joppa. 2017. Wildbook: Crowdsourcing, computer vision, and data science for conservation. arXiv:1710.08880 [cs](2017). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1710.08880 arXiv:1710.08880."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2017.333"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"6th International Penguin Conference (IPC07)","author":"Burghardt T","year":"2007","unstructured":"T Burghardt, PJ Barham, N Campbell, IC Cuthill, RB Sherley, and TM Leshoro. 2007. A fully automated computer vision system for the biometric identification of african penguins (Spheniscus demersus) on robben island. In 6th International Penguin Conference (IPC07). 19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-71273-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00432"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIAFS.2010.5715653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2018.8698538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45886-1_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2011.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Kaiming He Xiangyu Zhang Shaoqing Ren and Jian Sun. 2015. Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. arxiv:1512.03385\u00a0[cs.CV]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-31723-2_61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Computer aided matching of natural markings: a prototype system for grey seals","volume":"12","author":"Hiby Lex","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lex Hiby and Phil Lovell. 1990. Computer aided matching of natural markings: a prototype system for grey seals. Report of the International Whaling Commission 12 (1990), 57\u201361.","journal-title":"Report of the International Whaling Commission"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"A tiger cannot change its stripes: using a three-dimensional model to match images of living tigers and tiger skins. Biology letters 5, 3","author":"Hiby Lex","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lex Hiby, Phil Lovell, Narendra Patil, N\u00a0Samba Kumar, Arjun\u00a0M Gopalaswamy, and K\u00a0Ullas Karanth. 2009. A tiger cannot change its stripes: using a three-dimensional model to match images of living tigers and tiger skins. Biology letters 5, 3 (2009), 383\u2013386."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1578\/016754203101023960"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00697.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-016-0961-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0440:CAPMIS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Matthias K\u00f6rschens Bj\u00f6rn Barz and Joachim Denzler. 2018. Towards Automatic Identification of Elephants in the Wild. arXiv:1812.04418 [cs](2018). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1812.04418 arXiv:1812.04418."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3302425.3302460"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298832"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10602-1_48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-5281-2013-49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. 9596\u20139606","author":"Mac\u00a0Aodha Oisin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oisin Mac\u00a0Aodha, Elijah Cole, and Pietro Perona. 2019. Presence-only geographical priors for fine-grained image classification. In Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision. 9596\u20139606."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fiona Maisels Samantha Strindberg Stephen Blake George Wittemyer John Hart Elizabeth\u00a0A. Williamson Rostand Aba\u2019a Gaspard Abitsi Ruffin\u00a0D. Ambahe Fid??l Amsini Parfait\u00a0C. Bakabana Thurston\u00a0Cleveland Hicks Rosine\u00a0E. Bayogo Martha Bechem Rene\u00a0L. Beyers Anicet\u00a0N. Bezangoye Patrick Boundja Nicolas Bout Marc\u00a0Ella Akou Lambert\u00a0Bene Bene Bernard Fosso Elizabeth Greengrass Falk Grossmann Clement Ikamba-Nkulu Omari Ilambu Bila\u00a0Isia Inogwabini Fortune Iyenguet Franck Kiminou Max Kokangoye Deo Kujirakwinja Stephanie Latour Innocent Liengola Quevain Mackaya Jacob Madidi Bola Madzoke Calixte Makoumbou Guy\u00a0Aim?? Malanda Richard Malonga Olivier Mbani Valentin\u00a0A. Mbendzo Edgar Ambassa Albert Ekinde Yves Mihindou Bethan\u00a0J. Morgan Prosper Motsaba Gabin Moukala Anselme Mounguengui Brice\u00a0S. Mowawa Christian Ndzai Stuart Nixon Pele Nkumu Fabian Nzolani Lilian Pintea Andrew Plumptre Hugo Rainey Bruno\u00a0Bokoto de Semboli Adeline Serckx Emma Stokes Andrea Turkalo Hilde Vanleeuwe Ashley Vosper and Ymke Warren. 2013. Devastating Decline of Forest Elephants in Central Africa. PLoS ONE 8(2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0059469","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059469"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2012.6248111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Revisiting giraffe photo-identification using deep learning and network analysis. bioRxiv","author":"Miele Vincent","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vincent Miele, Gaspard Dussert, Bruno Spataro, Simon Chamaill\u00e9-Jammes, Dominique Allain\u00e9, and Christophe Bonenfant. 2020. Revisiting giraffe photo-identification using deep learning and network analysis. bioRxiv (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Computer assisted photo-identification of humpback whales","volume":"12","author":"Mizroch A","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sally\u00a0A Mizroch, Judith\u00a0A Beard, and Macgill Lynde. 1990. Computer assisted photo-identification of humpback whales. Report of the International Whaling Commission 12 (1990), 63\u201370.","journal-title":"Report of the International Whaling Commission"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Estimating economic losses to tourism in Africa from the illegal killing of elephants. Nature communications 7, 1","author":"Naidoo Robin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robin Naidoo, Brendan Fisher, Andrea Manica, and Andrew Balmford. 2016. Estimating economic losses to tourism in Africa from the illegal killing of elephants. Nature communications 7, 1 (2016), 1\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Mohammad\u00a0Sadegh Norouzzadeh Dan Morris Sara Beery Neel Joshi Nebojsa Jojic and Jeff Clune. 2019. A deep active learning system for species identification and counting in camera trap images. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.09716(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"The State of Kenya\u2019s Grevy\u2019s Zebras and Reticulated Giraffes: Results of the Great Grevy\u2019s Rally","author":"Ontita Joy\u00a0Omulupi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joy\u00a0Omulupi Ontita, Jennifer Weston10, George Anyona11, Geoffrey Chege12, David Kimiti12, Kaia Tombak, Andrew Gersick, and Nancy Rubenstein. [n.d.]. The State of Kenya\u2019s Grevy\u2019s Zebras and Reticulated Giraffes: Results of the Great Grevy\u2019s Rally 2018. ([n.\u00a0d.])."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"AAAI Spring Symposium-Technical Report.","author":"Parham Jason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jason Parham, Jonathan Crall, Charles Stewart, Tanya Berger-Wolf, and Daniel\u00a0I Rubenstein. 2017. Animal population censusing at scale with citizen science and photographic identification. In AAAI Spring Symposium-Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.01703(2019).","author":"Paszke Adam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Adam Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chanan, Trevor Killeen, Zeming Lin, Natalia Gimelshein, Luca Antiga, 2019. Pytorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912.01703(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Joyce Poole. [n.d.]. How to identify African elephants. https:\/\/elephantvoices.org\/multimedia-resources\/how-to-identify-african-elephants.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/07-0776.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100289"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"Shaoqing Ren Kaiming He Ross Girshick and Jian Sun. 2015. Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.01497(2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Andrew Royle Richard\u00a0B. Chandler Rahel Sollmann and Beth Gardner. 2013. Spatial Capture-Recapture. Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405939-9.00005-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRV.2018.00052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW50321.2020.9096925"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13133"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Chimpanzee face recognition from videos in the wild using deep learning. Science advances","author":"Schofield Daniel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Daniel Schofield, Arsha Nagrani, Andrew Zisserman, Misato Hayashi, Tetsuro Matsuzawa, Dora Biro, and Susana Carvalho. 2019. Chimpanzee face recognition from videos in the wild using deep learning. Science advances (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","unstructured":"Kenya\u00a0WildlIfe Service. [n.d.]. AERIAL TOTAL COUNT OF ELEPHANTS BUFFALOES AND GIRAFFES IN THE MASAI MARA ECOSYTEM (MAY 2017) - Kenya Wildlife Service. http:\/\/www.kws.go.ke\/content\/aerial-total-count-elephants-buffaloes-and-giraffes-masai-mara-ecosytem-may-2017-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2019.00039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.6692"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Manta Matcher: automated photographic identification of manta rays using keypoint features. Ecology and evolution 3, 7","author":"Town Christopher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christopher Town, Andrea Marshall, and Nutthaporn Sethasathien. 2013. Manta Matcher: automated photographic identification of manta rays using keypoint features. Ecology and evolution 3, 7 (2013), 1902\u20131914."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2015.7298658"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant Van\u00a0Horn Elijah Cole Sara Beery Kimberly Wilber Serge Belongie and Oisin Mac\u00a0Aodha. 2021. Benchmarking Representation Learning for Natural World Image Collections. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.16483(2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01269"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxime Vidal Nathan Wolf Beth Rosenberg Bradley\u00a0P Harris and Alexander Mathis. 2021. Perspectives on individual animal identification from biology and computer vision. arXiv preprint arXiv:2103.00560(2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icab107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/13-1971.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.03.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hendrik\u00a0J. Weideman Zachary\u00a0M. Jablons Jason Holmberg Kiirsten Flynn John Calambokidis Reny\u00a0B. Tyson Jason\u00a0B. Allen Randall\u00a0S. Wells Krista Hupman Kim Urian and Charles\u00a0V. Stewart. 2017. Integral Curvature Representation and Matching Algorithms for Identification of Dolphins and Whales. arXiv:1708.07785 [cs](2017). http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1708.07785 arXiv:1708.07785.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2017.334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10584-0_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2014.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"A brief introduction to weakly supervised learning. National science review 5, 1","author":"Zhou Zhi-Hua","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhi-Hua Zhou. 2018. A brief introduction to weakly supervised learning. National science review 5, 1 (2018), 44\u201353."}],"event":{"name":"COMPASS '21: ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies","location":"Virtual Event Australia","acronym":"COMPASS '21","sponsor":["SIGCAS ACM Special Interest Group on Computers and Society"]},"container-title":["ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3460112.3471947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3460112.3471947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T17:03:29Z","timestamp":1756832609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3460112.3471947"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3460112.3471947","10.1145\/3460112"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3460112.3471947","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}