{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:03:26Z","timestamp":1780765406433,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"US National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CNS-1652503 and CNS-1737590"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-1652503 and CNS-1737590"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spot-level parking availability information (the availability of each spot in a parking lot) is in great demand, as it can help reduce time and energy waste while searching for a parking spot. In this article, we propose a crowdsensing system called SpotE that can provide spot-level availability in a parking lot using drivers\u2019 smartphone sensors. SpotE only requires the sensor data from drivers\u2019 smartphones, which avoids the high cost of installing additional sensors and enables large-scale outdoor deployment. We propose a new model that can use the parking search trajectory and final destination (e.g., an exit of the parking lot) of a single driver in a parking lot to generate the probability profile that contains the probability of each spot being occupied in a parking lot. To deal with conflicting estimation results generated from different drivers, due to the variance in different drivers\u2019 parking behaviors, a novel aggregation approach SpotE-TD is proposed. The proposed aggregation method is based on truth discovery techniques and can handle the variety in Quality of Information of different vehicles. We evaluate our proposed method through a real-life deployment study. Results show that SpotE-TD can efficiently provide spot-level parking availability information with a 20% higher accuracy than the state-of-the-art.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3460200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T14:18:36Z","timestamp":1626445116000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Driver Behavior-aware Parking Availability Crowdsensing System Using Truth Discovery"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBM T. J. Watson Research Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weida","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunming","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SUNY Buffalo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00150559"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2817881"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3264909"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Google Developers. 2010. Google Open Spot Parking. Retrieved from http:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2010\/07\/09\/google-parking- open-spot\/.  Google Developers. 2010. Google Open Spot Parking. Retrieved from http:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2010\/07\/09\/google-parking- open-spot\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03081068908717403"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1718487.1718504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2016\/v9i17\/92973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting. 1\u201318","author":"Kovvali Vijay Gopal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Vijay Gopal Kovvali , Vassili Alexiadis , P. E. Zhang , et\u00a0al. 2007 . Video-based vehicle trajectory data collection . In Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting. 1\u201318 . Vijay Gopal Kovvali, Vassili Alexiadis, P. E. Zhang, et\u00a0al. 2007. Video-based vehicle trajectory data collection. In Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 86th Annual Meeting. 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"LADoT. 2017. LA Express Park. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.laexpresspark.org\/.  LADoT. 2017. LA Express Park. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.laexpresspark.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-its.2015.0226"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2735496.2735505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2588555.2610509"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130942"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1653771.1653820"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2009.5062057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2550452"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2674918.2674929"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594368.2594393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"22nd Int. Conf. in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision. 119\u2013124","author":"Masmoudi Imen","unstructured":"Imen Masmoudi , Ali Wali , and Adel M. Alimi . 2014. Parking spaces modelling for inter spaces occlusion handling . In 22nd Int. Conf. in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision. 119\u2013124 . Imen Masmoudi, Ali Wali, and Adel M. Alimi. 2014. Parking spaces modelling for inter spaces occlusion handling. In 22nd Int. Conf. in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision. 119\u2013124."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"20th Symposium on Signal Processing, Images and Computer Vision (STSIVA). IEEE, 1\u20137.","author":"Mateus Paola A.","unstructured":"Paola A. Mateus , Edisson O. Maldonado , and Cesar L. Nino . 2015. Surveillance and management of parking spaces using computer vision . In 20th Symposium on Signal Processing, Images and Computer Vision (STSIVA). IEEE, 1\u20137. Paola A. Mateus, Edisson O. Maldonado, and Cesar L. Nino. 2015. Surveillance and management of parking spaces using computer vision. In 20th Symposium on Signal Processing, Images and Computer Vision (STSIVA). IEEE, 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2632098"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2500423.2500438"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCAS\u201912)","author":"Ng Lih Lin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lih Lin Ng and Hong Siang Chua . 2012 . Vision-based activities recognition by trajectory analysis for parking lot surveillance . In IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCAS\u201912) . IEEE, 137\u2013142. Lih Lin Ng and Hong Siang Chua. 2012. Vision-based activities recognition by trajectory analysis for parking lot surveillance. In IEEE International Conference on Circuits and Systems (ICCAS\u201912). IEEE, 137\u2013142."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"ParkMobile LLC. 2008. ParkMoble. http:\/\/parkmobile.io\/.  ParkMobile LLC. 2008. ParkMoble. http:\/\/parkmobile.io\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"ParkWhiz Inc.2006. ParkWhiz. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.parkwhiz.com\/.  ParkWhiz Inc.2006. ParkWhiz. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.parkwhiz.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"SFMTA. 2017. SFpark. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sfpark.org\/.  SFMTA. 2017. SFpark. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sfpark.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2006.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2833312.2833458"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2272100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2185677.2185737"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2005)131:7(496)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MDM.2013.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.190745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1963405.1963439"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"Intelligent parking space detection system based on image processing","volume":"3","author":"Yusnita Rahayu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rahayu Yusnita , Fariza Norbaya , and Norazwinawati Basharuddin . 2012 . Intelligent parking space detection system based on image processing . Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol. 3 , 3 (2012), 232 \u2013 235 . Rahayu Yusnita, Fariza Norbaya, and Norazwinawati Basharuddin. 2012. Intelligent parking space detection system based on image processing. Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol. 3, 3 (2012), 232\u2013235.","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proc. of QDB.","author":"Zhao Bo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bo Zhao and Jiawei Han . 2012 . A probabilistic model for estimating real-valued truth from conflicting sources . In Proc. of QDB. Bo Zhao and Jiawei Han. 2012. A probabilistic model for estimating real-valued truth from conflicting sources. In Proc. of QDB."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2168651.2168656"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3369815"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3460200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3460200","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:30:19Z","timestamp":1750188619000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3460200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3460200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3460200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}