{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T23:47:07Z","timestamp":1771890427715,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The confidentiality and integrity of a stream has become one of the biggest issues in telecommunication. The best available algorithm handling the confidentiality of a data stream is the symmetric key block cipher combined with a chaining mode of operation such as cipher block chaining (CBC) or counter mode (CTR). This scheme is difficult to accelerate using hardware when multiple streams coexist. This is caused by the computation time requirement and mainly by management of the streams. In most accelerators, computation is treated at the block-level rather than as a stream, making the management of multiple streams complex.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This article presents a solution combining CBC and CTR modes of operation with a hardware context switching. The hardware context switching allows the accelerator to treat the data as a stream. Each stream can have different parameters: key, initialization value, state of counter. Stream switching was managed by the hardware context switching mechanism. A high-level synthesis tool was used to generate the context switching circuit. The scheme was tested on three cryptographic algorithms: AES, DES, and BC3. The hardware context switching allowed the software to manage multiple streams easily, efficiently, and rapidly. The software was freed of the task of managing the stream state. Compared to the original algorithm, about 18%\u201338% additional logic elements were required to implement the CBC or CTR mode and the additional circuits to support context switching. Using this method, the performance overhead when treating multiple streams was low, and the performance was comparable to that of existing hardware accelerators not supporting multiple streams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3460941","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T14:51:22Z","timestamp":1628779882000},"page":"1-25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hardware Context Switch-based Cryptographic Accelerator for Handling Multiple Streams"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3286-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif","family":"Sasongko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I. M. Narendra","family":"Kumara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6679-6641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arief","family":"Wicaksana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"White Paper: FPGA Architecture. Technical Report WP-01003-1.0. Altera.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Altera. 2006 . White Paper: FPGA Architecture. Technical Report WP-01003-1.0. Altera. Altera. 2006. White Paper: FPGA Architecture. Technical Report WP-01003-1.0. Altera."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"American Bankers Association et\u00a0al. 1985. American National Standard for Financial Institution Key Management (Wholesale).  American Bankers Association et\u00a0al. 1985. American National Standard for Financial Institution Key Management (Wholesale)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCT.2006.341900"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2015.2512858"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2996199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APSCC.2008.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"November","author":"ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 27 Committee","year":"2001","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 27 Committee . 2011. ISO\/ IEC 9797:2011 , information technology\u2014security techniques\u2014message authentication codes (MACs) , November 2001 . Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/50375.html. ISO\/IEC JTC 1\/SC 27 Committee. 2011. ISO\/IEC 9797:2011, information technology\u2014security techniques\u2014message authentication codes (MACs), November 2001. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/50375.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INTEE.2015.7416749"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)","author":"PUB FIPS.","year":"2001","unstructured":"PUB FIPS. 2009. 197 , Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) , National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce , November 2001 . Retrieved from http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/fips\/fips197\/fips-197.pdf. PUB FIPS. 2009. 197, Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce, November 2001. Retrieved from http:\/\/csrc.nist.gov\/publications\/fips\/fips197\/fips-197.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSII.2015.2458033"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISIE.2013.6563875"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Building stream ciphers from block ciphers and their security. Seminararbeit Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","author":"Hudde Hans Christoph","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hans Christoph Hudde . 2009. Building stream ciphers from block ciphers and their security. Seminararbeit Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum ( 2009 ). Hans Christoph Hudde. 2009. Building stream ciphers from block ciphers and their security. Seminararbeit Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2008.2000728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LES.2012.2193660"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Advances in Cryptology","author":"Jueneman Robert R.","unstructured":"Robert R. Jueneman . 1983. Analysis of certain aspects of output feedback mode . In Advances in Cryptology . Springer , Berlin , 99\u2013127. Robert R. Jueneman. 1983. Analysis of certain aspects of output feedback mode. In Advances in Cryptology. Springer, Berlin, 99\u2013127."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1216919.1216950"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International conference on Circuits, Controls and Communications (CCUBE\u201913)","author":"Kocheta M.","unstructured":"M. Kocheta , N. Sujatha , K. Sivakanya , R. Srikanth , Sridhar Shetty , and P. V. Ananda Mohan . 2013. A review of some recent stream ciphers . In Proceedings of the International conference on Circuits, Controls and Communications (CCUBE\u201913) . IEEE, 1\u20136. M. Kocheta, N. Sujatha, K. Sivakanya, R. Srikanth, Sridhar Shetty, and P. V. Ananda Mohan. 2013. A review of some recent stream ciphers. In Proceedings of the International conference on Circuits, Controls and Communications (CCUBE\u201913). IEEE, 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD\u201917)","author":"Kurniawan Yusuf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ma\u2019Muri, Yusuf Kurniawan , and Sarwono Sutikno . 2017 . Implementation of BC3 encryption algorithm on FPGA Zynq-7000 . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD\u201917) . IEEE, 329\u2013334. Ma\u2019Muri, Yusuf Kurniawan, and Sarwono Sutikno. 2017. Implementation of BC3 encryption algorithm on FPGA Zynq-7000. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD\u201917). IEEE, 329\u2013334."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits. IEEE, 169\u2013170","author":"Mathew Sanu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sanu Mathew , Farhana Sheikh , Amit Agarwal , Mike Kounavis , Steven Hsu , Himanshu Kaul , Mark Anders , and Ram Krishnamurthy . 2010 . 53Gbps native GF () composite-field AES-encrypt\/decrypt accelerator for content-protection in 45nm high-performance microprocessors . In Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits. IEEE, 169\u2013170 . Sanu Mathew, Farhana Sheikh, Amit Agarwal, Mike Kounavis, Steven Hsu, Himanshu Kaul, Mark Anders, and Ram Krishnamurthy. 2010. 53Gbps native GF () composite-field AES-encrypt\/decrypt accelerator for content-protection in 45nm high-performance microprocessors. In Proceedings of the Symposium on VLSI Circuits. IEEE, 169\u2013170."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Meltem S\u00f6nmez Turan, and Nicky Mouha","author":"McKay Kerry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kerry McKay , Lawrence Bassham , Meltem S\u00f6nmez Turan, and Nicky Mouha . 2016 . Report on lightweight cryptography. Technical Report. National Institute of Standards and Technology . Kerry McKay, Lawrence Bassham, Meltem S\u00f6nmez Turan, and Nicky Mouha. 2016. Report on lightweight cryptography. Technical Report. National Institute of Standards and Technology."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.805153"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2603974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSD.2016.51"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2013.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12928\/telkomnika.v17i3.9384"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/586110.586125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WD.2017.7918137"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Architecture for the secret-key BC3 cryptography algorithm","volume":"5","author":"Sasongko Arif","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arif Sasongko , Hidayat Hidayat , Yusuf Kurniawan , and Sarwono Sutikno . 2011 . Architecture for the secret-key BC3 cryptography algorithm . J. ICT Res. Appl. 5 , 2 (2011), 125 \u2013 140 . Arif Sasongko, Hidayat Hidayat, Yusuf Kurniawan, and Sarwono Sutikno. 2011. Architecture for the secret-key BC3 cryptography algorithm. J. ICT Res. Appl. 5, 2 (2011), 125\u2013140.","journal-title":"J. ICT Res. Appl."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2011.2129090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593069.2593077"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology. IEEE, 309\u2013310","author":"Shu Chang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chang Shu , Kris Gaj , and Tarek El-Ghazawi . 2005 . Low latency elliptic curve cryptography accelerators for NIST curves over binary fields . In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology. IEEE, 309\u2013310 . Chang Shu, Kris Gaj, and Tarek El-Ghazawi. 2005. Low latency elliptic curve cryptography accelerators for NIST curves over binary fields. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Field-Programmable Technology. IEEE, 309\u2013310."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2016.2614714"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Second Proceedings of the International Conference on Current Trends In Engineering and Technology (ICCTET\u201914)","author":"Vaidehi M.","unstructured":"M. Vaidehi and B. Justus Rabi . 2014. Design and analysis of AES-CBC mode for high security applications . In Second Proceedings of the International Conference on Current Trends In Engineering and Technology (ICCTET\u201914) . IEEE, 499\u2013502. M. Vaidehi and B. Justus Rabi. 2014. Design and analysis of AES-CBC mode for high security applications. In Second Proceedings of the International Conference on Current Trends In Engineering and Technology (ICCTET\u201914). IEEE, 499\u2013502."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78890-6_47"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. IEEE, 654\u2013657","author":"Wee Chin Mun","unstructured":"Chin Mun Wee , Peter R. Sutton , and Neil W. Bergmann . 2005. An FPGA network architecture for accelerating 3DES-CBC . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. IEEE, 654\u2013657 . Chin Mun Wee, Peter R. Sutton, and Neil W. Bergmann. 2005. An FPGA network architecture for accelerating 3DES-CBC. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications. IEEE, 654\u2013657."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647928.739887"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3130265.3130316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2014.2302899"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/82.700944"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3460941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3460941","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:48:22Z","timestamp":1750193302000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3460941"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3460941"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3460941","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7406","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}