{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T04:02:52Z","timestamp":1775880172509,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["2021R1A2C3004345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C3004345"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute"},{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare"},{"name":"Republic of Korea","award":["HI20C0127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI20C0127"]}]},{"name":"Yonsei University Research Fund of 2021","award":["2021-22-0083"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-22-0083"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            The discovery of community structures in social networks has gained significant attention since it is a fundamental problem in understanding the networks\u2019 topology and functions. However, most social network data are collected from partially observable networks with\n            <jats:italic>both missing nodes and edges<\/jats:italic>\n            . In this article, we address a new problem of detecting\n            <jats:italic>overlapping<\/jats:italic>\n            community structures in the context of such an\n            <jats:italic>incomplete<\/jats:italic>\n            network, where communities in the network are allowed to overlap since nodes belong to multiple communities at once. To solve this problem, we introduce\n            <jats:sans-serif>KroMFac<\/jats:sans-serif>\n            , a new framework that conducts community detection via regularized\n            <jats:italic>nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF)<\/jats:italic>\n            based on the\n            <jats:italic>Kronecker graph<\/jats:italic>\n            model. Specifically, from an inferred Kronecker generative parameter matrix, we first estimate the missing part of the network. As our major contribution to the proposed framework, to improve community detection accuracy, we then characterize and select\n            <jats:italic>influential<\/jats:italic>\n            nodes (which tend to have high degrees) by ranking, and add them to the existing graph. Finally, we uncover the community structures by solving the regularized NMF-aided optimization problem in terms of maximizing the likelihood of the underlying graph. Furthermore, adopting normalized mutual information (NMI), we empirically show superiority of our\n            <jats:sans-serif>KroMFac<\/jats:sans-serif>\n            approach over two baseline schemes by using both synthetic and real-world networks.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3461339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T21:25:55Z","timestamp":1626902755000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Community Detection in Partially Observable Social Networks"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, and Machine Intelligence and Data Science Laboratory, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6533-3469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Won-Yong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Computing (Computational Science and Engineering), Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Spitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science 347, 6221","author":"Acquisti Alessandro","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alessandro Acquisti , Laura Brandimarte , and George Loewenstein . 2015. Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science 347, 6221 ( 2015 ), 509\u2013514. Alessandro Acquisti, Laura Brandimarte, and George Loewenstein. 2015. Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science 347, 6221 (2015), 509\u2013514."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1390681.1442798"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1150402.1150412"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2979682"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999676.1999722"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2010.271"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations. ACM.","author":"Chen Zhengdao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhengdao Chen , Lisha Li , and Joan Bruna . 2019 . Supervised community detection with line graph neural networks . In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations. ACM. Zhengdao Chen, Lisha Li, and Joan Bruna. 2019. Supervised community detection with line graph neural networks. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Learning Representations. ACM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/070710111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PerComW.2012.6197508"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1348549.1348552"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2536775"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/12\/10\/103018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav1478"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2020408.2020577"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2481492.2481527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2873750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972818.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"016118","article-title":"Benchmarks for testing community detection algorithms on directed and weighted graphs with overlapping communities","volume":"80","author":"Lancichinetti Andrea","year":"2009","unstructured":"Andrea Lancichinetti and Santo Fortunato . 2009 . Benchmarks for testing community detection algorithms on directed and weighted graphs with overlapping communities . Physics Review 80 , 1 (2009), 016118 . Andrea Lancichinetti and Santo Fortunato. 2009. Benchmarks for testing community detection algorithms on directed and weighted graphs with overlapping communities. Physics Review 80, 1 (2009), 016118.","journal-title":"Physics Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1367-2630\/11\/3\/033015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1756006.1756039"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1150402.1150479"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Jure Leskovec and Andrej Krevl. 2014. SNAP datasets: Stanford large network dataset collection. Retrieved from http:\/\/snap.stanford.edu\/data.  Jure Leskovec and Andrej Krevl. 2014. SNAP datasets: Stanford large network dataset collection. Retrieved from http:\/\/snap.stanford.edu\/data."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1772690.1772755"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2999134.2999195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.79.066107"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3106370"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08518"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1298306.1298311"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Spectral methods for community detection and graph partitioning. Physics Rev.iew E 88, 4","author":"Newman M. E. J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"M. E. J. Newman . 2013. Spectral methods for community detection and graph partitioning. Physics Rev.iew E 88, 4 ( 2013 ), 042822. M. E. J. Newman. 2013. Spectral methods for community detection and graph partitioning. Physics Rev.iew E 88, 4 (2013), 042822."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-011-0224-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Overlapping community detection using bayesian non-negative matrix factorization. Physics Rev.iew E 83, 6","author":"Psorakis Ioannis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ioannis Psorakis , Stephen Roberts , Mark Ebden , and Ben Sheldon . 2011. Overlapping community detection using bayesian non-negative matrix factorization. Physics Rev.iew E 83, 6 ( 2011 ), 066114. Ioannis Psorakis, Stephen Roberts, Mark Ebden, and Ben Sheldon. 2011. Overlapping community detection using bayesian non-negative matrix factorization. Physics Rev.iew E 83, 6 (2011), 066114."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.76.036106"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3042573.3042584"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Workshop.","author":"Shchur Oleksandr","year":"2019","unstructured":"Oleksandr Shchur and Stephan G\u00fcnnemann . 2019 . Overlapping community detection with graph neural networks . In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Workshop. Oleksandr Shchur and Stephan G\u00fcnnemann. 2019. Overlapping community detection with graph neural networks. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Workshop."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3454287.3454334"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3385415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"The Kronecker product of graphs","volume":"13","author":"Weichsel Paul M.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Paul M. Weichsel . 1962 . The Kronecker product of graphs . Journal of the American Math.ematical Society 13 , 1 (1962), 47 \u2013 52 . Paul M. Weichsel. 1962. The Kronecker product of graphs. Journal of the American Math.ematical Society 13, 1 (1962), 47\u201352.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Math.ematical Society"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2518687"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2501654.2501657"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDMW.2011.154"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-5468\/2012\/09\/P09008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/44\/49\/495102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2433396.2433471"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2594454"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-013-0693-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2013.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3355393"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1884017.1884028"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. 1135\u20131143","author":"Zhou Mingyuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mingyuan Zhou . 2015 . Infinite edge partition models for overlapping community detection and link prediction . In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. 1135\u20131143 . Mingyuan Zhou. 2015. Infinite edge partition models for overlapping community detection and link prediction. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. 1135\u20131143."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3461339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3461339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:28:35Z","timestamp":1750195715000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3461339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3461339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3461339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4681","1556-472X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4681","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-472X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-21","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}