{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:19:34Z","timestamp":1750220374358,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Comput. Graph. Interact. Tech."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents AI-controlled robotic masks intended to empower women and allow them to communicate with one another. These are inspired by the historical masks worn by the Bandari women from southern Iran. Legend has it that these masks were developed during Portuguese colonial rule as a way of protecting the wearer from the gaze of slave masters looking for attractive women. In this project two robotic masks seemingly begin to develop their own language to communicate with each other, blinking their eyelashes in rapid succession using AI-generated Morse code. This project draws upon a Facebook experiment where two AI bots apparently began to develop their own language. It also draws upon an incident when an American soldier used his eyes to blink and spell out the word \"TORTURE\" using Morse code during his captivity in Vietnam, as well as stories of women using code to report domestic abuse during the COVID-19 lockdown. The aim is to sow anxiety within the patriarchal system where the \"wink\" of the sexual predator is subverted into a language to protect women from the advances of a predator. The project bridges AI, interactive design, and critical thinking (Figure 1).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3465621","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]],"date-time":"2021-08-02T14:38:35Z","timestamp":1627915115000},"page":"1-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can the Subaltern Speak?"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Behnaz","family":"Farahi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Design, California State University, Long Beach, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","volume-title":"Machine Landscapes: Architectures of the Post Anthropocene","author":"Bratton Benjamin H.","unstructured":"Benjamin H. Bratton . 2019. Further Trace Effects of the Post-Anthropocene . In Liam Young (Ed.), Machine Landscapes: Architectures of the Post Anthropocene ( 1 st ed.) Wiley . Benjamin H. Bratton. 2019. Further Trace Effects of the Post-Anthropocene. In Liam Young (Ed.), Machine Landscapes: Architectures of the Post Anthropocene (1st ed.) Wiley.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","unstructured":"Tom B. Brown Benjamin Mann Nick Ryder Melanie Subbiah Jared Kaplan Prafulla Dhariwal Arvind Neelakantan Pranav Shyam Girish Sastry Amanda Askell Sandhini Agarwal Ariel Herbert-Voss Gretchen Krueger Tom Henighan Rewon Child Aditya Ramesh Daniel M. Ziegler Jeffrey Wu Clemens Winter Christopher Hesse Mark Chen Eric Sigler Mateusz Litwin Scott Gray Benjamin Chess Jack Clark Christopher Berner Sam McCandlish Alec Radford Ilya Sutskever and Dario Amodei. 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2005.14165.  Tom B. Brown Benjamin Mann Nick Ryder Melanie Subbiah Jared Kaplan Prafulla Dhariwal Arvind Neelakantan Pranav Shyam Girish Sastry Amanda Askell Sandhini Agarwal Ariel Herbert-Voss Gretchen Krueger Tom Henighan Rewon Child Aditya Ramesh Daniel M. Ziegler Jeffrey Wu Clemens Winter Christopher Hesse Mark Chen Eric Sigler Mateusz Litwin Scott Gray Benjamin Chess Jack Clark Christopher Berner Sam McCandlish Alec Radford Ilya Sutskever and Dario Amodei. 2020. Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint. arXiv:2005.14165."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"David Chalmers. 2020. GPT-3 and General Intelligence. In Philosophers On GPT-3 by Justin Weinberg. Retrieved from https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2020\/07\/30\/philosophers-gpt-3\/  David Chalmers. 2020. GPT-3 and General Intelligence. In Philosophers On GPT-3 by Justin Weinberg. Retrieved from https:\/\/dailynous.com\/2020\/07\/30\/philosophers-gpt-3\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","volume-title":"Independent (July 31","author":"Griffin Andrew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrew Griffin . 2017 . Facebook's Artificial Intelligence Robots Shut Down after They Start Talking to Each Other in Their Own Language . Independent (July 31 , 2017). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life-style\/gadgets-and-tech\/news\/facebook-artificial-intelligence-ai-chatbot-new-language-research-openai-google-a7869706.html Andrew Griffin. 2017. Facebook's Artificial Intelligence Robots Shut Down after They Start Talking to Each Other in Their Own Language. Independent (July 31, 2017). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/life-style\/gadgets-and-tech\/news\/facebook-artificial-intelligence-ai-chatbot-new-language-research-openai-google-a7869706.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","article-title":"AI's Language Problem","author":"Knight Will","year":"2016","unstructured":"Will Knight . 2016 . AI's Language Problem . MIT Technology Review ( August 9, 2016). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2016\/08\/09\/158125\/ais-language-problem\/ Will Knight. 2016. AI's Language Problem. MIT Technology Review (August 9, 2016). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2016\/08\/09\/158125\/ais-language-problem\/","journal-title":"MIT Technology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Women Are Using Code Words at Pharmacies to Escape Domestic Violence during Lockdown. CNN (April 6","author":"Kottasov\u00e1 Ivana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ivana Kottasov\u00e1 and Valentina Di Donato . 2020. Women Are Using Code Words at Pharmacies to Escape Domestic Violence during Lockdown. CNN (April 6 , 2020 ). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/04\/02\/europe\/domestic-violence-coronavirus-lockdown-intl\/index.html Ivana Kottasov\u00e1 and Valentina Di Donato. 2020. Women Are Using Code Words at Pharmacies to Escape Domestic Violence during Lockdown. CNN (April 6, 2020). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2020\/04\/02\/europe\/domestic-violence-coronavirus-lockdown-intl\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mike Lewis Denis Yarats Yann N. Dauphin Devi Parikh and Dhruv Batra. 2017. Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning for Negotiation Dialogues. arXiv:1706.05125. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1706.05125.pdf  Mike Lewis Denis Yarats Yann N. Dauphin Devi Parikh and Dhruv Batra. 2017. Deal or No Deal? End-to-End Learning for Negotiation Dialogues. arXiv:1706.05125. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1706.05125.pdf","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"A Query Understanding Framework for Earth Data","volume":"10","author":"Li Yun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun Li , Yongyao Jiang , Justin C. Goldstein , Lewis J. Mcgibbney , and Chaowei Yang . 2020 . A Query Understanding Framework for Earth Data Discovery. Appl. Sci. 10 , 3 (February 2020), 1127. Yun Li, Yongyao Jiang, Justin C. Goldstein, Lewis J. Mcgibbney, and Chaowei Yang. 2020. A Query Understanding Framework for Earth Data Discovery. Appl. Sci. 10, 3 (February 2020), 1127.","journal-title":"Discovery. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","volume-title":"Elon Musk's Neuralink Reveals Monkey Playing Pong with Brain Implant. CNET (April 8","author":"Ryan Jackson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jackson Ryan . 2021. Elon Musk's Neuralink Reveals Monkey Playing Pong with Brain Implant. CNET (April 8 , 2021 ). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/elon-musks-neuralink-reveals-monkey-playing-pong-with-brain-implant\/?fbclid=IwAR1HSFL5bsds2SwhtcODstWNmctM03nvsdssbydOP1YZfl10KFSfE7Xr6nw Jackson Ryan. 2021. Elon Musk's Neuralink Reveals Monkey Playing Pong with Brain Implant. CNET (April 8, 2021). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/elon-musks-neuralink-reveals-monkey-playing-pong-with-brain-implant\/?fbclid=IwAR1HSFL5bsds2SwhtcODstWNmctM03nvsdssbydOP1YZfl10KFSfE7Xr6nw"},{"volume-title":"Can the Subaltern Speak? Basingstoke","author":"Spivak Gayatri Chakravorty","key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","unstructured":"Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak . 1988. Can the Subaltern Speak? Basingstoke , Macmillan . Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. 1988. Can the Subaltern Speak? Basingstoke, Macmillan."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85483-8_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/ijbm.v4n6p163"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3465621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3465621","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:17:42Z","timestamp":1750191462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3465621"}},"subtitle":["Feminism in Robotic Mask Design"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3465621"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3465621","relation":{},"ISSN":["2577-6193"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2577-6193"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}