{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:09:06Z","timestamp":1775779746882,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>After decades of incentivizing the isolation of hardware, software, and algorithm development, the catalysts for closer collaboration are changing the paradigm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3467017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T15:30:18Z","timestamp":1637335818000},"page":"58-65","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":104,"title":["The hardware lottery"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Hooker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Google Brain, Mountain View, CA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"AI and compute. OpenAI","author":"Amodei D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amodei, D., Hernandez, D., Sastry, G., Clark, J., Brockman, G., and Sutskever, I. AI and compute. OpenAI (2018), https:\/\/openai.com\/blog\/ai-and-compute\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.arm.com\/company\/news\/2020\/02\/new-ai-technology-from-arm","author":"Enhancing","year":"2020","unstructured":"ARM. Enhancing AI performance for IoT endpoint devices. (2020), https:\/\/www.arm.com\/company\/news\/2020\/02\/new-ai-technology-from-arm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3317550.3321441"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.4.612"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10464.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2010.00025"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition","author":"Chellapilla K.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chellapilla, K., Puri, S., and Simard, P. High performance convolutional neural networks for document processing. Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition (2006)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 30th Intern. Conf. on Machine Learning","author":"Coates A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coates, A., Huval, B., Wang, T., Wu, D., Catanzaro, B., and Andrew, N. Deep learning with COTS HPC systems. In Proceedings of the 30th Intern. Conf. on Machine Learning (2013), Sanjoy Dasgupta and David McAllester (Eds.). PMLR, Atlanta, GA, USA, 1337--1345. http:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v28\/coates13.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Little engines that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage","author":"Collier B.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Collier, B. Little engines that could've: The calculating machines of Charles Babbage. Garland Publishing, Inc. (1991) USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Early vacuum tube computers overview. Computer History Archives Project","author":"Computer 0","year":"2018","unstructured":"Computer history 1949--1960: Early vacuum tube computers overview. Computer History Archives Project (2018), https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=WnNm_uJYWhA"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference","author":"Dean J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dean, J. The deep learning revolution and its implications for computer architecture and chip design. IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (2020), 8--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSSC.1974.1050511"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2018.2868961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The era of general-purpose computers is ending. The Next Platform","author":"Feldman M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldman, M. The era of general-purpose computers is ending. The Next Platform (2019), https:\/\/bit.ly\/3hP8XJh"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-3203(82)90024-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"EfficientNet-Edge TPU: Creating accelerator-optimized neural networks with AutoML. Google AI Blog","author":"Gupta S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta, S. and Tan, M. EfficientNet-Edge TPU: Creating accelerator-optimized neural networks with AutoML. Google AI Blog (2019), https:\/\/ai.googleblog.com\/2019\/08\/efficientnet-edgetpu-creating.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Reconfigurable Computing: The Theory and Practice of FPGA-Based Computation. (2017)","author":"Hauck S.","unstructured":"Hauck, S. and DeHon, A. Reconfigurable Computing: The Theory and Practice of FPGA-Based Computation. (2017), Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"The elephant brain in numbers","author":"Herculano-Houzel S.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Herculano-Houzel, S., et al. The elephant brain in numbers. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 8 (2014).","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroanatomy"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Parallel Models of Associative Memory. (1989)","author":"Hinton G.","unstructured":"Hinton, G. and Anderson, J. Parallel Models of Associative Memory. (1989), L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"2014 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC). 10--14","author":"Horowitz M.","unstructured":"Horowitz, M. Computing's energy problem (and what we can do about it). In 2014 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers (ISSCC). 10--14."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Software productivity for extreme-scale science. U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Scientific Computing Research","author":"Hotel H.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hotel, H., Johansen, H., Bernholdt, D., H\u00e9roux, M., and Hornung, R. Software productivity for extreme-scale science. U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Scientific Computing Research (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"computing pioneer. The Harvard Gazette","author":"Isaacson W.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Isaacson, W. Grace Hopper, computing pioneer. The Harvard Gazette (2014). https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2014\/12\/grace-hopper-computing-pioneer\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3140659.3080246"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (1962)","author":"Kuhn T.","unstructured":"Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (1962), University of Chicago Press, Chicago."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"The Age of Intelligent Machines. (1990)","author":"Kurzweil R.","unstructured":"Kurzweil, R. The Age of Intelligent Machines. (1990), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1506409.1506425"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1989.1.4.541"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2011.68"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01931367"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.3.419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03544-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20018091094349"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. Electronics 38, 8 (April","author":"Moore G.","year":"1965","unstructured":"Moore, G. 1965. Cramming more components onto integrated circuits. Electronics 38, 8 (April 1965). https:\/\/www.cs.utexas.edu\/~fussell\/courses\/cs352h\/papers\/moore.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"When will computer hardware match the human brain","author":"Moravec H","year":"1998","unstructured":"Moravec, H. When will computer hardware match the human brain. Journal of Transhumanism 1 (1998).","journal-title":"Journal of Transhumanism"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2692916.2557966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Posselt E.A. The Jacquard Machine Analyzed and Explained: The Preparation of Jacquard Cards and Practical Hints to Learners of Jacquard Designing. (1888)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"2017 ACM\/IEEE 44th Annual Intern. Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). 389--402","author":"Prabhakar R.","unstructured":"Prabhakar, R., et al. Plasticine: A reconfigurable architecture for parallel patterns. In 2017 ACM\/IEEE 44th Annual Intern. Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). 389--402."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCA45697.2020.00045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","author":"Rumelhart D.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rumelhart, D., Hinton, G., and Williams, R. Learning representations by back-propagating errors. MIT Press (1988), 696--699."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Sabour S. Frost N. and Hinton G. Dynamic routing between capsules. (2017) 3856--3866. http:\/\/papers.nips.cc\/paper\/6975-dynamic-routing-between-capsules.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","first-page":"378","article-title":"The future of computing beyond Moore's law","author":"Shalf J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shalf, J. The future of computing beyond Moore's law. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378 (2020).","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2688498.2688499"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PGEC.1963.263588"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054651"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"The decline of computers as a general purpose technology: Why deep learning and the end of Moore's Law are fragmenting computing. (November","author":"Thompson N.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson, N. and Spanuth, S. The decline of computers as a general purpose technology: Why deep learning and the end of Moore's Law are fragmenting computing. (November 2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Article arXiv:2007.05558 (July","author":"Thompson N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thompson, N., Greenewald, K., Lee, K., and Manso, G. The computational limits of deep learning. arXiv e-prints, Article arXiv:2007.05558 (July 2020), arXiv:2007.05558 pages. arXiv:2007.05558 [cs.LG]"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/owc\/9780198748847.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-70911-1_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"The Computer and the Brain","author":"Von Neumann J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Von Neumann, J., Churchland, P.M., and Churchland, P.S. The Computer and the Brain. Yale University Press (2000), https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Q30MqJjRv1gC"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"TinyML: Machine Learning With TensorFlow Lite on Arduino and Ultra-Low-Power Microcontrollers. (2019)","author":"Warden P.","unstructured":"Warden, P. and Situnayake, D. TinyML: Machine Learning With TensorFlow Lite on Arduino and Ultra-Low-Power Microcontrollers. (2019), O'Reilly Media, Inc. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=sB3mxQEACAAJ"}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3467017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3467017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:25:06Z","timestamp":1750195506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3467017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3467017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3467017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0001-0782","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7317","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}