{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T13:55:32Z","timestamp":1758981332035,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":58,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]],"date-time":"2021-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["IIS-1956221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1956221"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3471158.3472229","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T20:38:17Z","timestamp":1630442297000},"page":"185-195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Modern Perspective on Query Likelihood with Deep Generative Retrieval Models"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Oleg","family":"Lesota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University &amp; Linz Institute of Technology, AI Lab, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Navid","family":"Rekabsaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University &amp; Linz Institute of Technology, AI Lab, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus Antonius","family":"Grasserbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Eickhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Schedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johannes Kepler University &amp; Linz Institute of Technology, AI Lab, Linz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Multi-Task Learning For Document Ranking And Query Suggestion. In Sixth International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Ahmad Wasi Uddin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wasi Uddin Ahmad and Kai-Wei Chang . 2018 . Multi-Task Learning For Document Ranking And Query Suggestion. In Sixth International Conference on Learning Representations. Wasi Uddin Ahmad and Kai-Wei Chang. 2018. Multi-Task Learning For Document Ranking And Query Suggestion. In Sixth International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331246"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Qingyao Ai. 2019. Neural Generative Models and Representation Learning for Information Retrieval.  Qingyao Ai. 2019. Neural Generative Models and Representation Learning for Information Retrieval."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404835.3462951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Overview of the trec 2019 deep learning track. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.07820","author":"Craswell Nick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nick Craswell , Bhaskar Mitra , Emine Yilmaz , Daniel Campos , and Ellen M Voorhees . 2020. Overview of the trec 2019 deep learning track. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.07820 ( 2020 ). Nick Craswell, Bhaskar Mitra, Emine Yilmaz, Daniel Campos, and Ellen M Voorhees. 2020. Overview of the trec 2019 deep learning track. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.07820 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies.","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2019 . BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding . In Proc. of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies. Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proc. of the Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1035"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209978.3209980"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983323.2983769"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval.","author":"Sebastian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sebastian Hofst\"atter, Navid Rekabsaz , Carsten Eickhoff , and Allan Hanbury . 2019 . On the Effect of Low-Frequency Terms on Neural-IR Models . In Proc. of the ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval. Sebastian Hofst\"atter, Navid Rekabsaz, Carsten Eickhoff, and Allan Hanbury. 2019. On the Effect of Low-Frequency Terms on Neural-IR Models. In Proc. of the ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval.","author":"Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian Hofst\"atter, Hamed Zamani , Bhaskar Mitra , Nick Craswell , and Allan Hanbury . 2020 a. Local Self-Attention over Long Text for Efficient Document Retrieval . In Proc. of the ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval. Sebastian Hofst\"atter, Hamed Zamani, Bhaskar Mitra, Nick Craswell, and Allan Hanbury. 2020 a. Local Self-Attention over Long Text for Efficient Document Retrieval. In Proc. of the ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 3031--3038","author":"Sebastian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sebastian Hofst\"atter, Markus Zlabinger , Mete Sertkan , Michael Schr\u00f6der , and Allan Hanbury . 2020 b. Fine-Grained Relevance Annotations for Multi-Task Document Ranking and Question Answering . In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 3031--3038 . Sebastian Hofst\"atter, Markus Zlabinger, Mete Sertkan, Michael Schr\u00f6der, and Allan Hanbury. 2020 b. Fine-Grained Relevance Annotations for Multi-Task Document Ranking and Question Answering. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM International Conference on Information & Knowledge Management. 3031--3038."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-15712-8_57"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration. arxiv","author":"Holtzman Ari","year":"1904","unstructured":"Ari Holtzman , Jan Buys , Li Du , Maxwell Forbes , and Yejin Choi . 2020. The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration. arxiv : 1904 .09751 [cs.CL] Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Li Du, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi. 2020. The Curious Case of Neural Text Degeneration. arxiv: 1904.09751 [cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.","author":"Hu Baotian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baotian Hu , Zhengdong Lu , Hang Li , and Qingcai Chen . 2014 . Convolutional neural network architectures for matching natural language sentences . In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Baotian Hu, Zhengdong Lu, Hang Li, and Qingcai Chen. 2014. Convolutional neural network architectures for matching natural language sentences. In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2505515.2505665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401075"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR). ACM, 79--82","author":"Lien Yen-Chieh","key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Yen-Chieh Lien , Daniel Cohen , and W. Bruce Croft . 2019. An Assumption-Free Approach to the Dynamic Truncation of Ranked Lists . In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR). ACM, 79--82 . Yen-Chieh Lien, Daniel Cohen, and W. Bruce Croft. 2019. An Assumption-Free Approach to the Dynamic Truncation of Ranked Lists. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR). ACM, 79--82."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.","author":"Lu Zhengdong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhengdong Lu and Hang Li . 2013 . A deep architecture for matching short texts . In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Zhengdong Lu and Hang Li. 2013. A deep architecture for matching short texts. In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3397271.3401093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052579"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/K16-1028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.09268","author":"Nguyen Tri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tri Nguyen , Mir Rosenberg , Xia Song , Jianfeng Gao , Saurabh Tiwary , Rangan Majumder , and Li Deng . 2016 . MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.09268 (2016). Tri Nguyen, Mir Rosenberg, Xia Song, Jianfeng Gao, Saurabh Tiwary, Rangan Majumder, and Li Deng. 2016. MS MARCO: A human generated machine reading comprehension dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:1611.09268 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Passage Re-ranking with BERT. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04085","author":"Nogueira Rodrigo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigo Nogueira and Kyunghyun Cho . 2019. Passage Re-ranking with BERT. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04085 ( 2019 ). Rodrigo Nogueira and Kyunghyun Cho. 2019. Passage Re-ranking with BERT. arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.04085 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.63"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Document Expansion by Query Prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08375","author":"Nogueira Rodrigo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodrigo Nogueira , Wei Yang , Jimmy Lin , and Kyunghyun Cho . 2019. Document Expansion by Query Prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08375 ( 2019 ). Rodrigo Nogueira, Wei Yang, Jimmy Lin, and Kyunghyun Cho. 2019. Document Expansion by Query Prediction. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.08375 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/290941.291008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer","volume":"21","author":"Raffel Colin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Colin Raffel , Noam Shazeer , Adam Roberts , Katherine Lee , Sharan Narang , Michael Matena , Yanqi Zhou , Wei Li , and Peter J Liu . 2020 . Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer . Journal of Machine Learning Research , Vol. 21 (2020), 1 -- 67 . Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu. 2020. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. Journal of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 21 (2020), 1--67.","journal-title":"Journal of Machine Learning Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56608-5_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077136.3080733"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2983323.2983833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3178876.3186083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/361219.361220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics.","author":"Liu Peter J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abigail See, Peter J Liu , and Christopher D Manning . 2017 . Get To The Point: Summarization with Pointer-Generator Networks . In Proc. of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Abigail See, Peter J Liu, and Christopher D Manning. 2017. Get To The Point: Summarization with Pointer-Generator Networks. In Proc. of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2567948.2577348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.","author":"Sutskever Ilya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ilya Sutskever , Oriol Vinyals , and Quoc V Le . 2014 . Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks . In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Ilya Sutskever, Oriol Vinyals, and Quoc V Le. 2014. Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks. In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Well-Read Students Learn Better: On the Importance of Pre-training Compact Models. arxiv","author":"Turc Iulia","year":"1908","unstructured":"Iulia Turc , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2019. Well-Read Students Learn Better: On the Importance of Pre-training Compact Models. arxiv : 1908 .08962 [cs.CL] Iulia Turc, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. Well-Read Students Learn Better: On the Importance of Pre-training Compact Models. arxiv: 1908.08962 [cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems.","author":"Vaswani Ashish","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashish Vaswani , Noam Shazeer , Niki Parmar , Jakob Uszkoreit , Llion Jones , Aidan N Gomez , \u0141ukasz Kaiser , and Illia Polosukhin . 2017 . Attention is all you need . In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems. Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, \u0141ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. Attention is all you need. In Proc. of the Conference on Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"A neural conversational model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05869","author":"Vinyals Oriol","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. 2015. A neural conversational model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05869 ( 2015 ). Oriol Vinyals and Quoc Le. 2015. A neural conversational model. arXiv preprint arXiv:1506.05869 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/N15-1104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077136.3080809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations.","author":"Xiong Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee Xiong , Chenyan Xiong , Ye Li , Kwok-Fung Tang , Jialin Liu , Paul N. Bennett , Junaid Ahmed , and Arnold Overwikj . 2021 . Approximate Nearest Neighbor Negative Contrastive Learning for Dense Text Retrieval . In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations. Lee Xiong, Chenyan Xiong, Ye Li, Kwok-Fung Tang, Jialin Liu, Paul N. Bennett, Junaid Ahmed, and Arnold Overwikj. 2021. Approximate Nearest Neighbor Negative Contrastive Learning for Dense Text Retrieval. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Understanding Neural Abstractive Summarization Models via Uncertainty. arxiv","author":"Xu Jiacheng","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jiacheng Xu , Shrey Desai , and Greg Durrett . 2020. Understanding Neural Abstractive Summarization Models via Uncertainty. arxiv : 2010 .07882 [cs.CL] Jiacheng Xu, Shrey Desai, and Greg Durrett. 2020. Understanding Neural Abstractive Summarization Models via Uncertainty. arxiv: 2010.07882 [cs.CL]"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3357881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380126"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). NIST.","author":"Zerveas George","year":"2019","unstructured":"George Zerveas , Ruochen Zhang , Leila Kim , and Carsten Eickhoff . 2019 . Brown University at TREC Deep Learning 2019 . In Proceedings of the 28th Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). NIST. George Zerveas, Ruochen Zhang, Leila Kim, and Carsten Eickhoff. 2019. Brown University at TREC Deep Learning 2019. In Proceedings of the 28th Text Retrieval Conference (TREC). NIST."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Statistical language models for information retrieval. Synthesis lectures on human language technologies","author":"Zhai ChengXiang","year":"2008","unstructured":"ChengXiang Zhai . 2008. Statistical language models for information retrieval. Synthesis lectures on human language technologies ( 2008 ). ChengXiang Zhai. 2008. Statistical language models for information retrieval. Synthesis lectures on human language technologies (2008)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766462.2767700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-72240-1_49"}],"event":{"name":"ICTIR '21: The 2021 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval","sponsor":["SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"],"location":"Virtual Event Canada","acronym":"ICTIR '21"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3471158.3472229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3471158.3472229","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3471158.3472229","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T17:49:29Z","timestamp":1750268969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3471158.3472229"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3471158.3472229","10.1145\/3471158"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3471158.3472229","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-08-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}