{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:12:31Z","timestamp":1768342351366,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632355200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF","award":["IIS-2107172, IIS-2027127, IIS-2040144, CNS-2034470, IIS-1951504, CNS-1940859, CNS-1814825, and OAC-1940855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-2107172, IIS-2027127, IIS-2040144, CNS-2034470, IIS-1951504, CNS-1940859, CNS-1814825, and OAC-1940855"]}]},{"name":"DoJ\/NIJ","award":["NIJ 2018-75-CX-0032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIJ 2018-75-CX-0032"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Illicit drug trafficking via social media sites such as Instagram have become a severe problem, thus drawing a great deal of attention from law enforcement and public health agencies. How to identify illicit drug dealers from social media data has remained a technical challenge for the following reasons. On the one hand, the available data are limited because of privacy concerns with crawling social media sites; on the other hand, the diversity of drug dealing patterns makes it difficult to reliably distinguish drug dealers from common drug users. Unlike existing methods that focus on posting-based detection, we propose to tackle the problem of\n            <jats:italic>illicit drug dealer identification<\/jats:italic>\n            by constructing a large-scale multimodal dataset named\n            <jats:italic>Identifying Drug Dealers on Instagram<\/jats:italic>\n            (IDDIG). Nearly 4,000 user accounts, of which more than 1,400 are drug dealers, have been collected from Instagram with multiple data sources including post comments, post images, homepage bio, and homepage images. We then design a quadruple-based multimodal fusion method to combine the multiple data sources associated with each user account for drug dealer identification. Experimental results on the constructed IDDIG dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in identifying drug dealers (almost 95% accuracy). Moreover, we have developed a hashtag-based community detection technique for discovering evolving patterns, especially those related to geography and drug types.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3472713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T14:48:38Z","timestamp":1632494918000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Identifying Illicit Drug Dealers on Instagram with Large-scale Multimodal Data Fusion"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1165-5005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuanbo","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minglei","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7028-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2067-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community","author":"Adler A.","unstructured":"Patricia\u00a0 A. Adler . 1993. Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community . Columbia University Press . Patricia\u00a0A. Adler. 1993. Wheeling and Dealing: An Ethnography of an Upper-Level Drug Dealing and Smuggling Community. Columbia University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00530-010-0182-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Social Network Data Analytics","author":"Barbier Geoffrey","unstructured":"Geoffrey Barbier and Huan Liu . 2011. Data mining in social media . In Social Network Data Analytics . Springer , 327\u2013352. Geoffrey Barbier and Huan Liu. 2011. Data mining in social media. In Social Network Data Analytics. Springer, 327\u2013352."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.2001.9990249"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742469"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.10.065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814749411_0045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Elements of Information Theory","author":"Cover M.","unstructured":"Thomas\u00a0 M. Cover . 1999. Elements of Information Theory . John Wiley & Sons . Thomas\u00a0M. Cover. 1999. Elements of Information Theory. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv:1810.04805.","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin , Ming-Wei Chang , Kenton Lee , and Kristina Toutanova . 2018 . BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv:1810.04805. Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018. BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. arXiv:1810.04805."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3304222.3304234"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132857"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3159652.3159691"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2009.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akira Fukui Dong\u00a0Huk Park Daylen Yang Anna Rohrbach Trevor Darrell and Marcus Rohrbach. 2016. Multimodal compact bilinear pooling for visual question answering and visual grounding. arXiv:1606.01847.  Akira Fukui Dong\u00a0Huk Park Daylen Yang Anna Rohrbach Trevor Darrell and Marcus Rohrbach. 2016. Multimodal compact bilinear pooling for visual question answering and visual grounding. arXiv:1606.01847.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco_a_01273"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123266.3123442"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.5811"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2487788.2488002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3086952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Social media update","author":"Greenwood Shannon","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shannon Greenwood , Andrew Perrin , and Maeve Duggan . 2016. Social media update 2016 . Pew Research Center . Retrieved August 15, 2021 from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2016\/11\/11\/social-media-update-2016\/. Shannon Greenwood, Andrew Perrin, and Maeve Duggan. 2016. Social media update 2016. Pew Research Center. Retrieved August 15, 2021 from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2016\/11\/11\/social-media-update-2016\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/34.927459"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835449.1835484"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference (Sunbelt\u201910)","author":"Hagberg A.","unstructured":"A. Hagberg and D. Conway . 2010. Hacking social networks using the Python programming language . In Proceedings of the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference (Sunbelt\u201910) . A. Hagberg and D. Conway. 2010. Hacking social networks using the Python programming language. In Proceedings of the International Sunbelt Social Network Conference (Sunbelt\u201910)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"\u00a0Chult","author":"Hagberg Aric","year":"2008","unstructured":"Aric Hagberg , Pieter Swart , and Daniel S . \u00a0Chult . 2008 . Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics , and Function Using NetworkX. Technical Report. Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM. Aric Hagberg, Pieter Swart, and Daniel S.\u00a0Chult. 2008. Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics, and Function Using NetworkX. Technical Report. Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2569061"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0247-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40649-019-0071-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.","author":"Hu Yuheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yuheng Hu , Lydia Manikonda , and Subbarao Kambhampati . 2014 . What we Instagram: A first analysis of Instagram photo content and user types . In Proceedings of the 8th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Yuheng Hu, Lydia Manikonda, and Subbarao Kambhampati. 2014. What we Instagram: A first analysis of Instagram photo content and user types. In Proceedings of the 8th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Social network analysis of Australian poly-drug trafficking networks: How do drug traffickers manage multiple illicit drugs?Social Networks 51","author":"Hughes E.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caitlin\u00a0 E. Hughes , David\u00a0 A. Bright , and Jenny Chalmers . 2017. Social network analysis of Australian poly-drug trafficking networks: How do drug traffickers manage multiple illicit drugs?Social Networks 51 ( 2017 ), 135\u2013147. Caitlin\u00a0E. Hughes, David\u00a0A. Bright, and Jenny Chalmers. 2017. Social network analysis of Australian poly-drug trafficking networks: How do drug traffickers manage multiple illicit drugs?Social Networks 51 (2017), 135\u2013147."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Techniques for Web Personalization and Recommender Systems at AAAI, Vol.\u00a0 8. 49\u201355","author":"Hung Chia-Chuan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chia-Chuan Hung , Yi-Ching Huang , Jane Yung-jen Hsu , and David Kuan-Chun Wu . 2008 . Tag-based user profiling for social media recommendation . In Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Techniques for Web Personalization and Recommender Systems at AAAI, Vol.\u00a0 8. 49\u201355 . Chia-Chuan Hung, Yi-Ching Huang, Jane Yung-jen Hsu, and David Kuan-Chun Wu. 2008. Tag-based user profiling for social media recommendation. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent Techniques for Web Personalization and Recommender Systems at AAAI, Vol.\u00a0 8. 49\u201355."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2013.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30754-7_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"3D face anti-spoofing with factorized bilinear coding","author":"Jia Shan","unstructured":"Shan Jia , Xin Li , Chuanbo Hu , Guodong Guo , and Zhengquan Xu. 2020. 3D face anti-spoofing with factorized bilinear coding . IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology . DOI:10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3044986 10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3044986 Shan Jia, Xin Li, Chuanbo Hu, Guodong Guo, and Zhengquan Xu. 2020. 3D face anti-spoofing with factorized bilinear coding. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology. DOI:10.1109\/TCSVT.2020.3044986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nal Kalchbrenner Edward Grefenstette and Phil Blunsom. 2014. A convolutional neural network for modelling sentences. arXiv:1404.2188.  Nal Kalchbrenner Edward Grefenstette and Phil Blunsom. 2014. A convolutional neural network for modelling sentences. arXiv:1404.2188.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P14-1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-017-0169-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"RAND. Retrieved","author":"Kilmer Beau","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beau Kilmer , Susan\u00a0 S. Sohler\u00a0Everingham , Jonathan\u00a0 P. Caulkins , Gregory Midgette , Rosalie\u00a0Liccardo Pacula , Peter Reuter , Rachel\u00a0 M. Burns , Bing Han , and Russell Lundberg . 2014 . How big is the US market for illegal drugs ? RAND. Retrieved August 15, 2021 from https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_briefs\/RB9770.html. Beau Kilmer, Susan\u00a0S. Sohler\u00a0Everingham, Jonathan\u00a0P. Caulkins, Gregory Midgette, Rosalie\u00a0Liccardo Pacula, Peter Reuter, Rachel\u00a0M. Burns, Bing Han, and Russell Lundberg. 2014. How big is the US market for illegal drugs? RAND. Retrieved August 15, 2021 from https:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/research_briefs\/RB9770.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon Kim. 2014. Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. arXiv:1408.5882.  Yoon Kim. 2014. Convolutional neural networks for sentence classification. arXiv:1408.5882.","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1181"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2015.2460697"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.80.056117"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/13803"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2339530.2339692"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.170"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2645710.2645728"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTSP.2017.2679538"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"SMIL: Multimodal learning with severely missing modality. arXiv:2103.05677.","author":"Ma Mengmeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mengmeng Ma , Jian Ren , Long Zhao , Sergey Tulyakov , Cathy Wu , and Xi Peng . 2021 . SMIL: Multimodal learning with severely missing modality. arXiv:2103.05677. Mengmeng Ma, Jian Ren, Long Zhao, Sergey Tulyakov, Cathy Wu, and Xi Peng. 2021. SMIL: Multimodal learning with severely missing modality. arXiv:2103.05677."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DICTAP.2012.6215346"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0601602103"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.69.026113"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00714ED1V01Y201603ICR048"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media.","author":"O\u2019Connor Brendan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brendan O\u2019Connor , Ramnath Balasubramanyan , Bryan\u00a0 R. Routledge , and Noah\u00a0 A. Smith . 2010 . From tweets to polls: Linking text sentiment to public opinion time series . In Proceedings of the 4th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Brendan O\u2019Connor, Ramnath Balasubramanyan, Bryan\u00a0R. Routledge, and Noah\u00a0A. Smith. 2010. From tweets to polls: Linking text sentiment to public opinion time series. In Proceedings of the 4th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2009.191"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10618-011-0224-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11633-017-1054-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","unstructured":"Sashank\u00a0J. Reddi Satyen Kale and Sanjiv Kumar. 2019. On the convergence of Adam and beyond. arXiv:1904.09237.  Sashank\u00a0J. Reddi Satyen Kale and Sanjiv Kumar. 2019. On the convergence of Adam and beyond. arXiv:1904.09237."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.14672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Online Video, Mobile Applications, Blogs, News Releases, and Viral Marketing to Reach Buyers Directly","author":"Scott David\u00a0Meerman","unstructured":"David\u00a0Meerman Scott . 2015. The New Rules of Marketing and PR: How to Use Social Media , Online Video, Mobile Applications, Blogs, News Releases, and Viral Marketing to Reach Buyers Directly . John Wiley & Sons . David\u00a0Meerman Scott. 2015. The New Rules of Marketing and PR: How to Use Social Media, Online Video, Mobile Applications, Blogs, News Releases, and Viral Marketing to Reach Buyers Directly. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2017.8257992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2598561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Karen Simonyan and Andrew Zisserman. 2014. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:1409.1556.  Karen Simonyan and Andrew Zisserman. 2014. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv:1409.1556."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2832907"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2766462.2767726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2832415.2832578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2371211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3011871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2670030"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19479830903561035"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313537"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3327546.3327555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCBB.2020.2978476"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.10.074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"Chunting Zhou Chonglin Sun Zhiyuan Liu and Francis Lau. 2015. A C-LSTM neural network for text classification. arXiv:1511.08630.  Chunting Zhou Chonglin Sun Zhiyuan Liu and Francis Lau. 2015. A C-LSTM neural network for text classification. arXiv:1511.08630."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","unstructured":"Peng Zhou Zhenyu Qi Suncong Zheng Jiaming Xu Hongyun Bao and Bo Xu. 2016. Text classification improved by integrating bidirectional LSTM with two-dimensional max pooling. arXiv:1611.06639.  Peng Zhou Zhenyu Qi Suncong Zheng Jiaming Xu Hongyun Bao and Bo Xu. 2016. Text classification improved by integrating bidirectional LSTM with two-dimensional max pooling. arXiv:1611.06639."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","unstructured":"Yiheng Zhou Numair Sani Chia-Kuei Lee and Jiebo Luo. 2016. Understanding illicit drug use behaviors by mining social media. arXiv:1604.07096.  Yiheng Zhou Numair Sani Chia-Kuei Lee and Jiebo Luo. 2016. Understanding illicit drug use behaviors by mining social media. arXiv:1604.07096."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2016.7840812"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3472713","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3472713","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3472713","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:19Z","timestamp":1750191499000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3472713"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3472713"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3472713","relation":{},"ISSN":["2157-6904","2157-6912"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2157-6904","type":"print"},{"value":"2157-6912","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}