{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T15:53:40Z","timestamp":1772812420000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation, Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2020R1A2C2011541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A2C2011541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Appl. Percept."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            Laban Movement Analysis (LMA) and its Effort element provide a conceptual framework through which we can observe, describe, and interpret the intention of movement. Effort attributes provide a link between how people move and how their movement communicates to others. It is crucial to investigate the perceptual characteristics of Effort to validate whether it can serve as an effective framework to support a wide range of applications in animation and robotics that require a system for creating or perceiving expressive variation in motion. To this end, we first constructed an Effort motion database of short video clips of five different motions:\n            <jats:italic>walk, sit down, pass, put, wave<\/jats:italic>\n            performed in eight ways corresponding to the extremes of the Effort elements. We then performed a perceptual evaluation to examine the perceptual\n            <jats:italic>consistency<\/jats:italic>\n            and perceived\n            <jats:italic>associations<\/jats:italic>\n            among Effort elements:\n            <jats:italic>Space (Indirect\/Direct), Time (Sustained\/Sudden), Weight (Light\/Strong),<\/jats:italic>\n            and\n            <jats:italic>Flow (Free\/Bound)<\/jats:italic>\n            that appeared in the motion stimuli. The results of the perceptual consistency evaluation indicate that although the observers do not perceive the LMA Effort element 100% as intended, true response rates of seven Effort elements are higher than false response rates except for\n            <jats:italic>light<\/jats:italic>\n            Effort. The perceptual consistency results showed varying tendencies by motion. The perceptual association between LMA Effort elements showed that a single LMA Effort element tends to co-occur with the elements of other factors, showing significant correlation with one or two factors (e.g., indirect and free, light and free).\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3473041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T10:19:01Z","timestamp":1641464341000},"page":"1-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Perceptual Consistency and Association of the LMA Effort Elements"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Hye Ji","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0226-2808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Neff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, CA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6604-4709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-018-01619-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2790994.2791000"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cgf.12598"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3099564.3099566"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212721.3212836"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218179"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2812748.2812760"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-74997-4_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1144457.1144468"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/344779.352172"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/robotics8020024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","first-page":"7","article-title":"Steps to achieving observer agreement: The LIMS reliability project","volume":"2","author":"Davis Martha","year":"1987","unstructured":"Martha Davis. 1987. Steps to achieving observer agreement: The LIMS reliability project. Mov. Stud 2 (1987), 7\u201319.","journal-title":"Mov. Stud"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3072959.2983620"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia","author":"Fagerberg Petra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Petra Fagerberg, Anna St\u00e5hl, and Kristina H\u00f6\u00f6k. 2003. Designing gestures for affective input: an analysis of shape, effort and valence. 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In Movement That Has Meaning.http:\/\/psychomotorischetherapie.info\/website\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/LMA-Workshop-Sheet-Laban.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557251"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2466462"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seiji Okajima Yuki Wakayama and Yoshihiro Okada. 2012. Human motion retrieval system based on LMA features using interactive evolutionary computation method. In Innovations in Intelligent Machines\u20132 . Springer 117\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23190-2_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1732643.1732859"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","unstructured":"Digitalcommons Sarahlawrence and Victoria Hughes. 2018. 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