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Des. Autom. Electron. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Low-density parity-check (LDPC)<\/jats:bold>\n            codes have been widely adopted in NAND flash in recent years to enhance data reliability. There are two types of decoding, hard-decision and soft-decision decoding. However, for the two types, their error correction capability degrades due to inaccurate\n            <jats:bold>log-likelihood ratio (LLR)<\/jats:bold>\n            . To improve the LLR accuracy of LDPC decoding, this article proposes LLR optimization schemes, which can be utilized for both hard-decision and soft-decision decoding. First, we build a threshold voltage distribution model for 3D\n            <jats:bold>floating gate (FG)<\/jats:bold>\n            <jats:bold>triple level cell (TLC)<\/jats:bold>\n            NAND flash. Then, by exploiting the model, we introduce a scheme to quantize LLR during hard-decision and soft-decision decoding. And by amplifying a portion of small LLRs, which is essential in the layer min-sum decoder, more precise LLR can be obtained. For hard-decision decoding, the proposed new modes can significantly improve the decoder\u2019s error correction capability compared with traditional solutions. Soft-decision decoding starts when hard-decision decoding fails. For this part, we study the influence of the reference voltage arrangement of LLR calculation and apply the quantization scheme. The simulation shows that the proposed approach can\n            <jats:bold>reduce frame error rate (FER)<\/jats:bold>\n            for several orders of magnitude.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3473305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T22:50:18Z","timestamp":1631573418000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Improving LDPC Decoding Performance for 3D TLC NAND Flash by LLR Optimization Scheme for Hard and Soft Decision"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Lanlan","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaojian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DERA Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Renzhi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]},{"given":"Changsheng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1974.1055186"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(60)90287-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2017.2713127"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2485288.2485597"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCA.2015.7056062"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2005.852852"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2024724.2024894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Write and read frequency-based word-line batch VTH modulation for 2-D and 3-D-TLC NAND flash memories","author":"Deguchi Yoshiaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yoshiaki Deguchi , Shun Suzuki , and Ken Takeuchi . 2018. Write and read frequency-based word-line batch VTH modulation for 2-D and 3-D-TLC NAND flash memories . IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 99 ( 2018 ), 1\u201310. Yoshiaki Deguchi, Shun Suzuki, and Ken Takeuchi. 2018. Write and read frequency-based word-line batch VTH modulation for 2-D and 3-D-TLC NAND flash memories. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits99 (2018), 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSI.2010.2071990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1965.1053825"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.768759"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIT.1962.1057683"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2017.8014343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"3rd International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Related Topics. 451\u2013454","author":"Guilloud Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Guilloud , Emmanuel Boutillon , and Jean-Luc Danger . 2003 . -min decoding algorithm of regular and irregular LDPC codes . In 3rd International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Related Topics. 451\u2013454 . Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Guilloud, Emmanuel Boutillon, and Jean-Luc Danger. 2003. -min decoding algorithm of regular and irregular LDPC codes. In 3rd International Symposium on Turbo Codes and Related Topics. 451\u2013454."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers. IEEE, 222\u2013223","author":"Ho Kin-Chu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kin-Chu Ho , Po-Chao Fang , Hsiang-Pang Li , Cheng-Yuan Michael Wang , and Hsie-Chia Chang . 2013 . A 45nm 6b\/cell charge-trapping flash memory using LDPC-based ECC and drift-immune soft-sensing engine . In 2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers. IEEE, 222\u2013223 . Kin-Chu Ho, Po-Chao Fang, Hsiang-Pang Li, Cheng-Yuan Michael Wang, and Hsie-Chia Chang. 2013. A 45nm 6b\/cell charge-trapping flash memory using LDPC-based ECC and drift-immune soft-sensing engine. In 2013 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Digest of Technical Papers. IEEE, 222\u2013223."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN.2016.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1109\/TVLSI.2013.2265314","article-title":"Rate-0.96 LDPC decoding VLSI for soft-decision error correction of NAND flash memory","volume":"22","author":"Kim Jonghong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jonghong Kim and Wonyong Sung . 2013 . Rate-0.96 LDPC decoding VLSI for soft-decision error correction of NAND flash memory . IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 22 , 5 (2013), 1004 \u2013 1015 . Jonghong Kim and Wonyong Sung. 2013. Rate-0.96 LDPC decoding VLSI for soft-decision error correction of NAND flash memory. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 22, 5 (2013), 1004\u20131015.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2013.2251417"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SSD.2018.8570595"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2015.2435787"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"2010 Military Communications Conference (2010 MILCOM). IEEE","author":"Li Huanlin","unstructured":"Huanlin Li , Yanyan Cao , and Jeffrey C. Dill . 2010. Analysis of error-prone patterns for LDPC codes under belief propagation decoding . In 2010 Military Communications Conference (2010 MILCOM). IEEE , 2056\u20132061. Huanlin Li, Yanyan Cao, and Jeffrey C. Dill. 2010. Analysis of error-prone patterns for LDPC codes under belief propagation decoding. In 2010 Military Communications Conference (2010 MILCOM). IEEE, 2056\u20132061."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASPDAC.2017.7858383"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Architectural techniques for improving NAND flash memory reliability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.04016","author":"Luo Yixin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yixin Luo . 2018. Architectural techniques for improving NAND flash memory reliability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.04016 ( 2018 ). Yixin Luo. 2018. Architectural techniques for improving NAND flash memory reliability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.04016 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2603608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/566408.566483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2014.7037159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). 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