{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:24:10Z","timestamp":1769149450184,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002418","name":"Intel Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002418","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the potential of quantum algorithms to solve intractable classical problems, quantum computing is rapidly evolving, and more algorithms are being developed and optimized. Expressing these quantum algorithms using a high-level language and making them executable on a quantum processor while abstracting away hardware details is a challenging task. First, a quantum programming language should provide an intuitive programming interface to describe those algorithms. Then a compiler has to transform the program into a quantum circuit, optimize it, and map it to the target quantum processor respecting the hardware constraints such as the supported quantum operations, the qubit connectivity, and the control electronics limitations. In this article, we propose a quantum programming framework named OpenQL, which includes a high-level quantum programming language and its associated quantum compiler. We present the programming interface of OpenQL, we describe the different layers of the compiler and how we can provide portability over different qubit technologies. Our experiments show that OpenQL allows the execution of the same high-level algorithm on two different qubit technologies, namely superconducting qubits and Si-Spin qubits. Besides the executable code, OpenQL also produces an intermediate quantum assembly code, which is technology independent and can be simulated using the QX simulator.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3474222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T16:23:49Z","timestamp":1640017429000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["OpenQL: A Portable Quantum Programming Framework for Quantum Accelerators"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Khammassi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"I.","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. V.","family":"Someren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Nane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"Krol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. A.","family":"Rol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Lao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Bertels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. G.","family":"Almudever","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quantum &amp; Computer Engineering Dept., Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"et\u00a0al","author":"Abhari Ali Javadi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ali Javadi Abhari , Arvin Faruque , et\u00a0al . 2012 . Scaffold : Quantum programming language. Princeton University TR- 934-12, Princeton, NJ. Ali Javadi Abhari, Arvin Faruque, et\u00a0al. 2012. Scaffold: Quantum programming language. Princeton University TR-934-12, Princeton, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parco.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Qiskit: An Open-source Framework for Quantum Computing. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2562110","author":"\u00a0al H\u00e9ctor Abraham","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00e9ctor Abraham et \u00a0al . 2019 . Qiskit: An Open-source Framework for Quantum Computing. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2562110 10.5281\/zenodo.2562110 H\u00e9ctor Abraham et\u00a0al. 2019. Qiskit: An Open-source Framework for Quantum Computing. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.2562110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3130379.3130579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"Amazon. [n.d.]. Amazon Braket. Retrieved from https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/braket\/.  Amazon. [n.d.]. Amazon Braket. Retrieved from https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/braket\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Amazon. [n.d.]. Amazon Braket SDK. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/aws\/amazon-braket-sdk-python.  Amazon. [n.d.]. Amazon Braket SDK. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/aws\/amazon-braket-sdk-python."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2013.2244643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevA.52.3457"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjd\/e2003-00242-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Protecting quantum entanglement from qubit errors and leakage via repetitive parity measurements. Science Advances 6, 12, eaay3050","author":"Bultink C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Bultink , T. E. O\u2019Brien , R. Vollmer , N. Muthusubramanian , M. W. Beekman , M. A. Rol , X. Fu , B. Tarasinski , V. Ostrouckh , B. Varbanov , A. Bruno , and L. DiCarlo . 2020. Protecting quantum entanglement from qubit errors and leakage via repetitive parity measurements. Science Advances 6, 12, eaay3050 ( 2020 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aay3050 10.1126\/sciadv.aay3050 C. Bultink, T. E. O\u2019Brien, R. Vollmer, N. Muthusubramanian, M. W. Beekman, M. A. Rol, X. Fu, B. Tarasinski, V. Ostrouckh, B. Varbanov, A. Bruno, and L. DiCarlo. 2020. Protecting quantum entanglement from qubit errors and leakage via repetitive parity measurements. Science Advances 6, 12, eaay3050 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aay3050"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer. 400","author":"Deutsch David","year":"1985","unstructured":"David Deutsch . 1985. Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer. 400 ( 1985 ), 97\u2013117. David Deutsch. 1985. Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer. 400 (1985), 97\u2013117."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Open-Source Quantum Software Projects. Retrieved","author":"Fingerhuth M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Fingerhuth . Open-Source Quantum Software Projects. Retrieved August 1, 2020 from https:\/\/github.com\/qosf\/awesome-quantum-software#quantum-compilers. M. Fingerhuth. Open-Source Quantum Software Projects. Retrieved August 1, 2020 from https:\/\/github.com\/qosf\/awesome-quantum-software#quantum-compilers."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"The Eigen Documentation. Retrieved Aril 9","author":"Beno\u00eet Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beno\u00eet Jacob (founder), Ga\u00ebl Guennebaud (guru), and many more. 2019. The Eigen Documentation. Retrieved Aril 9 , 2019 from http:\/\/eigen.tuxfamily.org\/index.php?title=Main_Page. Beno\u00eet Jacob (founder), Ga\u00ebl Guennebaud (guru), and many more. 2019. The Eigen Documentation. Retrieved Aril 9, 2019 from http:\/\/eigen.tuxfamily.org\/index.php?title=Main_Page."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA\u201919)","author":"Fu X.","unstructured":"X. Fu , L. Riesebos , M. A. Rol , J. van Straten , J. van Someren , N. Khammassi , I. Ashraf , R. F. L. Vermeulen , V. Newsum , K. K. L. Loh , J. C. de Sterke , W. J. Vlothuizen , R. N. Schouten , C. G. Almudever , L. DiCarlo , and K. Bertels . 2018. eQASM: An executable quantum instruction set architecture . In Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA\u201919) . X. Fu, L. Riesebos, M. A. Rol, J. van Straten, J. van Someren, N. Khammassi, I. Ashraf, R. F. L. Vermeulen, V. Newsum, K. K. L. Loh, J. C. de Sterke, W. J. Vlothuizen, R. N. Schouten, C. G. Almudever, L. DiCarlo, and K. Bertels. 2018. eQASM: An executable quantum instruction set architecture. In Proceedings of the 25th International Symposium on High-Performance Computer Architecture (HPCA\u201919)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"X. Fu L. Riesebos M. A. Rol J. van Straten J. van Someren N. Khammassi I. Ashraf R. F. L. Vermeulen V. Newsum K. K. L. Loh J. C. de Sterke W. J. Vlothuizen R. N. Schouten C. G. Almudever L. DiCarlo and K. Bertels. [n.d.]. eQASM: An Executable Quantum Instruction Set Architecture.  X. Fu L. Riesebos M. A. Rol J. van Straten J. van Someren N. Khammassi I. Ashraf R. F. L. Vermeulen V. Newsum K. K. L. Loh J. C. de Sterke W. J. Vlothuizen R. N. Schouten C. G. Almudever L. DiCarlo and K. Bertels. [n.d.]. eQASM: An Executable Quantum Instruction Set Architecture."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123939.3123952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.79.325"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"IBM. [n.d.]. IBM Quantum Experience. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.research.ibm.com\/ibm-q\/.  IBM. [n.d.]. IBM Quantum Experience. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.research.ibm.com\/ibm-q\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2597917.2597939"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2523262"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3174243.3174264"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3130379.3130487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3130379.3130487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"N. Khammassi G. G. Guerreschi I. Ashraf J. W. Hogaboam C. G. Almudever and K. Bertels. 2018. cQASM v1. 0: Towards a common quantum assembly language. arXiv:1805.09607. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.orb\/abs\/1805.09607.  N. Khammassi G. G. Guerreschi I. Ashraf J. W. Hogaboam C. G. Almudever and K. Bertels. 2018. cQASM v1. 0: Towards a common quantum assembly language. arXiv:1805.09607. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.orb\/abs\/1805.09607."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Almudever","author":"Lao Lingling","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lingling Lao , Daniel M. Manzano , Hans van Someren , Imran Ashraf , and Carmen G . Almudever . 2019 . Mapping of quantum circuits onto NISQ superconducting processors. arXiv:1908.04226. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1908.04226. Lingling Lao, Daniel M. Manzano, Hans van Someren, Imran Ashraf, and Carmen G. Almudever. 2019. Mapping of quantum circuits onto NISQ superconducting processors. arXiv:1908.04226. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1908.04226."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/2058-9565\/aadd1a"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Overview and comparison of gate level quantum software platforms. Quantum 3 (Mar","author":"LaRose Ryan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ryan LaRose . 2019. Overview and comparison of gate level quantum software platforms. Quantum 3 (Mar . 2019 ), 130. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2019-03-25-130 10.22331\/q-2019-03-25-130 Ryan LaRose. 2019. Overview and comparison of gate level quantum software platforms. Quantum 3 (Mar. 2019), 130. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2019-03-25-130"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Universal quantum simulators. Science 273, 5278","author":"Lloyd Seth","year":"1996","unstructured":"Seth Lloyd . 1996. Universal quantum simulators. Science 273, 5278 ( 1996 ), 1073\u20131078. Seth Lloyd. 1996. Universal quantum simulators. Science 273, 5278 (1996), 1073\u20131078."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1188455.1188672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"M. Fingerhuth. [n.d.]. Open-Source Quantum Software Projects. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/qosf\/awesome-quantum-software#quantum-simulators.  M. Fingerhuth. [n.d.]. Open-Source Quantum Software Projects. Retrieved from https:\/\/github.com\/qosf\/awesome-quantum-software#quantum-simulators."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.106.180504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Scaling the ion trap quantum processor. Science 339, 6124","author":"Monroe Christopher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christopher Monroe and Jungsang Kim . 2013. Scaling the ion trap quantum processor. Science 339, 6124 ( 2013 ), 1164\u20131169. Christopher Monroe and Jungsang Kim. 2013. Scaling the ion trap quantum processor. Science 339, 6124 (2013), 1164\u20131169."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.93.130502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1972505"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"T. E. O\u2019Brien B. Senjean R. Sagastizabal X. Bonet-Monroig A. Dutkiewicz F. Buda L. DiCarlo and L. Visscher. 2019. Calculating energy derivatives for quantum chemistry on a quantum computer. arxiv:1905.03742. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.03742.  T. E. O\u2019Brien B. Senjean R. Sagastizabal X. Bonet-Monroig A. Dutkiewicz F. Buda L. DiCarlo and L. Visscher. 2019. Calculating energy derivatives for quantum chemistry on a quantum computer. arxiv:1905.03742. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1905.03742."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11417170_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3093333.3009894"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"QuTech. [n.d.]. Quantum Inspire: The Multi Hardware Quantum Technology Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.quantum-inspire.com\/.  QuTech. [n.d.]. Quantum Inspire: The Multi Hardware Quantum Technology Platform. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.quantum-inspire.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Heterogeneous System Architecture, Wen mei W","author":"Rogers P.","unstructured":"P. Rogers . 2016. HSA overview . In Heterogeneous System Architecture, Wen mei W . Hwu (Ed.). Morgan Kaufmann , Boston , 7\u201318. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800386-2.00001-8 10.1016\/B978-0-12-800386-2.00001-8 P. Rogers. 2016. HSA overview. In Heterogeneous System Architecture, Wen mei W. Hwu (Ed.). Morgan Kaufmann, Boston, 7\u201318. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800386-2.00001-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"M. A. Rol F. Battistel F. K. Malinowski C. C. Bultink B. M. Tarasinski R. Vollmer N. Haider N. Muthusubramanian A. Bruno B. M. Terhal and L. DiCarlo. 2019. A fast low-leakage high-fidelity two-qubit gate for a programmable superconducting quantum computer. arxiv:1903.02492. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.02492.  M. A. Rol F. Battistel F. K. Malinowski C. C. Bultink B. M. Tarasinski R. Vollmer N. Haider N. Muthusubramanian A. Bruno B. M. Terhal and L. DiCarlo. 2019. A fast low-leakage high-fidelity two-qubit gate for a programmable superconducting quantum computer. arxiv:1903.02492. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.02492."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"R. Sagastizabal X. Bonet-Monroig M. Singh M. A. Rol C. C. Bultink X. Fu C. H. Price V. P. Ostroukh N. Muthusubramanian A. Bruno M. Beekman N. Haider T. E. O\u2019Brien and L. DiCarlo. 2019. Error mitigation by symmetry verification on a variational quantum eigensolver. arxiv:1902.11258. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1902.11258.  R. Sagastizabal X. Bonet-Monroig M. Singh M. A. Rol C. C. Bultink X. Fu C. H. Price V. P. Ostroukh N. Muthusubramanian A. Bruno M. Beekman N. Haider T. E. O\u2019Brien and L. DiCarlo. 2019. Error mitigation by symmetry verification on a variational quantum eigensolver. arxiv:1902.11258. Retrieved from http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1902.11258."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960129504004256"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCAD.2005.855930"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539795293172"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Zeng","author":"Smith Robert S.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robert S. Smith , Michael J. Curtis , and William J . Zeng . 2016 . A practical quantum instruction set architecture. arxiv:1608.03355 [quant-ph]. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.03355. Robert S. Smith, Michael J. Curtis, and William J. Zeng. 2016. A practical quantum instruction set architecture. arxiv:1608.03355 [quant-ph]. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1608.03355."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Davis","author":"Smith Robert S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Robert S. Smith , Eric C. Peterson , Mark G. Skilbeck , and Erik J . Davis . 2020 . An spen-source, industrial-strength optimizing compiler for quantum programs. arxiv:2003.13961 [quant-ph]. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.13961. Robert S. Smith, Eric C. Peterson, Mark G. Skilbeck, and Erik J. Davis. 2020. An spen-source, industrial-strength optimizing compiler for quantum programs. arxiv:2003.13961 [quant-ph]. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.13961."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"ProjectQ: An open source software framework for quantum computing. Quantum 2 (Jan","author":"Steiger Damian S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damian S. Steiger , Thomas H\u00e4ner , and Matthias Troyer . 2018. ProjectQ: An open source software framework for quantum computing. Quantum 2 (Jan . 2018 ), 49. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2018-01-31-49 10.22331\/q-2018-01-31-49 Damian S. Steiger, Thomas H\u00e4ner, and Matthias Troyer. 2018. ProjectQ: An open source software framework for quantum computing. Quantum 2 (Jan. 2018), 49. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22331\/q-2018-01-31-49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3183895.3183901"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Texas Instruments. [n.d.]. OMAP3530 Application Processors. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/omap3530.  Texas Instruments. [n.d.]. OMAP3530 Application Processors. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ti.com\/product\/omap3530."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2004.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.8.034021"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_53_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Watson Stephan Philips E. Kawakami D. Ward P. Scarlino M. Veldhorst D. Savage M. Lagally Mark Friesen Susan Coppersmith M. Eriksson and L. Vandersypen. 2018. A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon. Nature 555 (03 2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25766 10.1038\/nature25766","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25766"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_2_1_53_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Watson Stephan Philips E. Kawakami D. Ward P. Scarlino M. Veldhorst D. Savage M. Lagally Mark Friesen Susan Coppersmith M. Eriksson and L. Vandersypen. 2018. A programmable two-qubit quantum processor in silicon. Nature 555 (03 2018). DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature25766","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25766"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"Xilinx. [n.d.]. Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/silicon-devices\/soc\/zynq-7000.  Xilinx. [n.d.]. Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.xilinx.com\/products\/silicon-devices\/soc\/zynq-7000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3028687.3038873"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0960129514000425"}],"container-title":["ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3474222","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:28:21Z","timestamp":1750195701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474222"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3474222"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474222","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4832","1550-4840"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4832","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4840","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-11-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}