{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T01:44:00Z","timestamp":1787017440374,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Konkani is an under-resourced language mainly spoken on the west coast of India. Although linguistic analyses of vowel sounds in various dialects of Konkani have been done in the past, more accurate analysis of Konkani vowels, especially an acoustic-phonetic analysis, was never carried out. In this article, we present a detailed analysis of nine Konkani vowels, namely\n                    <jats:monospace>\/i\/, \/e\/, \/\u03b5\/, \/u\/, \/o\/, \/\u0254\/, \/a\/, \/\u0259\/, and \/\u0268\u031e\/<\/jats:monospace>\n                    . The dataset used for the analysis was created from audio recordings of 28 native speakers of Goan Konkani. Based on the experimental results, we propose a vowel chart for Konkani. We also observed a partial loss of Konkani vowel \/\n                    <jats:monospace>\u0268\u031e<\/jats:monospace>\n                    \/ in the regular speech of native speakers. This change is also evident in the substitution analysis of vowel phonemes that was carried out by us as a part of this study.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3474358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T12:54:50Z","timestamp":1643892890000},"page":"1-13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acoustic Analysis of Vowels in Konkani"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6364-4629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swapnil","family":"Fadte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goa University, Taleigao, Goa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edna Vaz","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mumbai and Government College of Arts, Science &amp; Commerce, Quepem, Goa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3677-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramdas","family":"Karmali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goa University, Taleigao, Goa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti D.","family":"Pawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goa University, Taleigao, Goa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4970648"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"33","volume-title":"A Description of Konkani (1st ed.)","author":"Almeida S. J. Matthew","year":"1989","unstructured":"S. J. Matthew Almeida. 1989. The Konkani sound system. In A Description of Konkani (1st ed.). Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr, Miramar, Panaji, 33\u201337."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.specom.2013.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2013\/12-0103)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/RTEICT42901.2018.9012641"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","unstructured":"C. Chandramouli and R. General. 2018. Census of India 2011. Provisional population totals. Government of India New Dehli 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.411872"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","first-page":"16, 24, 30, 50\u2013","volume-title":"The Konkani Language: Nature & Tradition (Linguistics)","author":"Kulkarni S. B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"S. B. Kulkarni and Srinivas Kamat. 2010. Konkani from its inscriptions. In The Konkani Language: Nature & Tradition (Linguistics). Goa Konkani Akademi, Panaji, Chapter IV, 16, 24, 30, 50\u201360."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07268602.2015.1023169"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Lobab. 2016. Demystifying Konkani. Retrieved from https:\/\/extraetc.wordpress.com\/2016\/07\/02\/the-konkani-vowels\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"D. R. McCloy. 2016. Normalizing and plotting vowels with phonR 1.0.7. University of Washington USA. https:\/\/drammock.github.io\/phonR\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Vivek Menezes. 2017. Konkani: A Language in Crisis. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Leisure\/AJVHke7VvvvVPerV1jv8WO\/Konkani-a-language-in-crisis.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Monolithic Jinas [The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora] (1st ed.)","author":"Pereira Jos\u00e9","year":"1977","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Pereira. 1977. The themes of Ellora Jain sculpture. In Monolithic Jinas [The Iconography of the Jain Temples of Ellora] (1st ed.). Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 47\u201348."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02572117.1989.10586776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1, 3","volume-title":"Some Aspects of Konkani Grammar (The Salcette Gauda-Saraswat-Brahmin Dialect)","author":"Sardesai Madhavi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Madhavi Sardesai. 1986. Some Aspects of Konkani Grammar (The Salcette Gauda-Saraswat-Brahmin Dialect). Technical Report. University of Poona, Pune. 1, 3 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","volume-title":"Bhasabhas Article on Linguistics (1st ed.)","author":"Sardesai Madhavi","year":"1993","unstructured":"Madhavi Sardesai. 1993. Bhasabhas Article on Linguistics (1st ed.). Goa Konkani Academy. 34\u201335, 60\u201364, 188 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Madhavi Sardesai. 2004. Mother Tongue Blues. Retrieved from https:\/\/india-seminar.com\/2004\/543\/543madhavisardesai.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","volume-title":"Essays on Konkani Language, Literature and Culture (1st ed.)","author":"Verenkar Shyam","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shyam Verenkar, Madhavi Sardesai, and Mhalashi Kamalakar. 2003. Essays on Konkani Language, Literature and Culture (1st ed.). Konkani Bhasha Mandal, Margao, Goa. 56\u201358 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"David Weenink and Paul Boersma. 2004. Sound : To Formant (burg)\u2026 Retrieved from https:\/\/www.fon.hum.uva.nl\/praat\/manual\/Sound__To_Formant__burg____.html."}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3474358","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T15:30:25Z","timestamp":1750174225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3474358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474358","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2375-4699","type":"print"},{"value":"2375-4702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}