{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T06:37:50Z","timestamp":1777099070207,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":31,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001831","name":"Technische Universiteit Delft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001831","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3474374.3486916","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T22:04:12Z","timestamp":1636149852000},"page":"25-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Your Smart Contracts Are Not Secure"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Tjiam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Huanhuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Kaitai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"[n. d.]. DeFi Pulse: The DeFi Leaderboard: Stats Charts and Guides. https:\/\/defipulse.com  [n. d.]. DeFi Pulse: The DeFi Leaderboard: Stats Charts and Guides. https:\/\/defipulse.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"d.]. Uniswap v2 Core","author":"Adams Hayden","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hayden Adams , Noah Zinsmeister , and Dan Robinson . [n. d.]. Uniswap v2 Core . 2020 . https:\/\/uniswap.org\/whitepaper.pdf Hayden Adams, Noah Zinsmeister, and Dan Robinson. [n. d.]. Uniswap v2 Core. 2020. https:\/\/uniswap.org\/whitepaper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"Zaryab Afser. [n. d.]. How $100M Got Stolen From DeFi in 2021: Price Oracle Manipulation And Flash Loan Attacks Explained. https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/how-dollar100m-got-stolen-from-defi-in-2021-priceoracle-manipulation-and-flash-loan-attacks-explained-3n6q33r1  Zaryab Afser. [n. d.]. How $100M Got Stolen From DeFi in 2021: Price Oracle Manipulation And Flash Loan Attacks Explained. https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/how-dollar100m-got-stolen-from-defi-in-2021-priceoracle-manipulation-and-flash-loan-attacks-explained-3n6q33r1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54455-6_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"V Buterin. 2009. A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform.  V Buterin. 2009. A Next Generation Smart Contract & Decentralized Application Platform."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"CertiK. [n. d.]. Understanding Security Risks in DeFi: CertiK Foundation Blog. https:\/\/www.certik.org\/blog\/understanding-security-risks-in-defi  CertiK. [n. d.]. Understanding Security Risks in DeFi: CertiK Foundation Blog. https:\/\/www.certik.org\/blog\/understanding-security-risks-in-defi"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Flash boys 2.0: Front running, transaction reordering, and consensus instability in decentralized exchanges. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05234","author":"Daian Philip","year":"2019","unstructured":"Philip Daian , Steven Goldfeder , Tyler Kell , Yunqi Li , Xueyuan Zhao , Iddo Bentov , Lorenz Breidenbach , and Ari Juels . 2019. Flash boys 2.0: Front running, transaction reordering, and consensus instability in decentralized exchanges. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05234 ( 2019 ). Philip Daian, Steven Goldfeder, Tyler Kell, Yunqi Li, Xueyuan Zhao, Iddo Bentov, Lorenz Breidenbach, and Ari Juels. 2019. Flash boys 2.0: Front running, transaction reordering, and consensus instability in decentralized exchanges. arXiv preprint arXiv:1904.05234 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Eric Decourcy. 2019. Protecting Against Front-Running and Transaction Reordering. https:\/\/forum.openzeppelin.com\/t\/protecting-against-front-runningand-transaction-reordering\/1314  Eric Decourcy. 2019. Protecting Against Front-Running and Transaction Reordering. https:\/\/forum.openzeppelin.com\/t\/protecting-against-front-runningand-transaction-reordering\/1314"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2948053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"William Foxley. 2021. Yes Front-Running Will Still Exist on Ethereum 2.0. https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/front-running-will-still-exist-ethereum-2-0-mev  William Foxley. 2021. Yes Front-Running Will Still Exist on Ethereum 2.0. https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/front-running-will-still-exist-ethereum-2-0-mev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Vitalik Buterin: Ethereum 2.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #188. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v= XW0QZmtbjvs","author":"Fridman Lex","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lex Fridman and Vitalik Buterin . 2021 . Vitalik Buterin: Ethereum 2.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #188. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v= XW0QZmtbjvs Lex Fridman and Vitalik Buterin. 2021. Vitalik Buterin: Ethereum 2.0 | Lex Fridman Podcast #188. YouTube. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v= XW0QZmtbjvs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Sergey Nazarov: Chainlink, Smart Contracts, and Oracle Networks | Lex Fridman Podcast #181. YouTube. https: \/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TPXTmVdlyoc","author":"Fridman Lex","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lex Fridman and Sergey Nazarov . 2021 . Sergey Nazarov: Chainlink, Smart Contracts, and Oracle Networks | Lex Fridman Podcast #181. YouTube. https: \/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TPXTmVdlyoc Lex Fridman and Sergey Nazarov. 2021. Sergey Nazarov: Chainlink, Smart Contracts, and Oracle Networks | Lex Fridman Podcast #181. YouTube. https: \/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TPXTmVdlyoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"Pierre Grimaud Ikko Ashimine Paul Wackerow Sam Richards Ryan Cordell Patrick Collins and Jan K. 2021. Oracles. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/ docs\/oracles\/  Pierre Grimaud Ikko Ashimine Paul Wackerow Sam Richards Ryan Cordell Patrick Collins and Jan K. 2021. Oracles. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/en\/developers\/ docs\/oracles\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Hasu. 2021. Understanding Automated Market-Makers Part 1: Price Impact. https:\/\/research.paradigm.xyz\/amm-price-impact  Hasu. 2021. Understanding Automated Market-Makers Part 1: Price Impact. https:\/\/research.paradigm.xyz\/amm-price-impact"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100179"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Ari Juels. 2020. Fair Sequencing Services: Enabling a Provably Fair DeFi Ecosystem. https:\/\/blog.chain.link\/chainlink-fair-sequencing-services-enablinga-provably-fair-defi-ecosystem\/  Ari Juels. 2020. Fair Sequencing Services: Enabling a Provably Fair DeFi Ecosystem. https:\/\/blog.chain.link\/chainlink-fair-sequencing-services-enablinga-provably-fair-defi-ecosystem\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"A Survey on Vulnerabilities of Ethereum Smart Contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.14481","author":"Khan Zulfiqar Ali","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zulfiqar Ali Khan and Akbar Siami Namin . 2020. A Survey on Vulnerabilities of Ethereum Smart Contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.14481 ( 2020 ). Zulfiqar Ali Khan and Akbar Siami Namin. 2020. A Survey on Vulnerabilities of Ethereum Smart Contracts. arXiv preprint arXiv:2012.14481 (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"Mario. [n. d.]. LobsterDAO. https:\/\/t.me\/lobsters_chat\/238257  Mario. [n. d.]. LobsterDAO. https:\/\/t.me\/lobsters_chat\/238257"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Charlie Noyes. 2021. MEV and Me. https:\/\/research.paradigm.xyz\/MEV  Charlie Noyes. 2021. MEV and Me. https:\/\/research.paradigm.xyz\/MEV"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Flashbots: Frontrunning the MEV Crisis. https:\/\/medium. com\/flashbots\/frontrunning-the-mev-crisis-40629a613752","author":"Obadia Alex","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alex Obadia . 2020 . Flashbots: Frontrunning the MEV Crisis. https:\/\/medium. com\/flashbots\/frontrunning-the-mev-crisis-40629a613752 Alex Obadia. 2020. Flashbots: Frontrunning the MEV Crisis. https:\/\/medium. com\/flashbots\/frontrunning-the-mev-crisis-40629a613752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"Dan Robinson. 2021. Ethereum Is a Dark Forest. https:\/\/medium.com\/@danrobinson\/ethereum-is-a-dark-forest-ecc5f0505dff  Dan Robinson. 2021. Ethereum Is a Dark Forest. https:\/\/medium.com\/@danrobinson\/ethereum-is-a-dark-forest-ecc5f0505dff"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Sereum: Protecting existing smart contracts against re-entrancy attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05934","author":"Rodler Michael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael Rodler , Wenting Li , Ghassan O Karame , and Lucas Davi . 2018 . Sereum: Protecting existing smart contracts against re-entrancy attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05934 (2018). Michael Rodler, Wenting Li, Ghassan O Karame, and Lucas Davi. 2018. Sereum: Protecting existing smart contracts against re-entrancy attacks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.05934 (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"samczsun. 2020. So you want to use a price oracle. https:\/\/samczsun.com\/soyou- want-to-use-a-price-oracle\/  samczsun. 2020. So you want to use a price oracle. https:\/\/samczsun.com\/soyou- want-to-use-a-price-oracle\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Samuel Shadrach. 2021. Off-chain commitments for rollups. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/off-chain-commitments-for-rollups\/8993\/4  Samuel Shadrach. 2021. Off-chain commitments for rollups. https:\/\/ethresear.ch\/t\/off-chain-commitments-for-rollups\/8993\/4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","unstructured":"Caleb Sheridan. 2021. Scared of MEV? We share our proof of concept -- Archer Swap -- for @Uniswap and @SushiSwap traders to avoid being front-run. https:\/\/twitter.com\/calebsheridan\/status\/1384811452402442240?lang=en  Caleb Sheridan. 2021. Scared of MEV? We share our proof of concept -- Archer Swap -- for @Uniswap and @SushiSwap traders to avoid being front-run. https:\/\/twitter.com\/calebsheridan\/status\/1384811452402442240?lang=en"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"The Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts: A Survey. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Security. Springer, 177--190","author":"Tang Xiangyan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xiangyan Tang , Ke Zhou , Jieren Cheng , Hui Li , and Yuming Yuan . 2021 . The Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts: A Survey. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Security. Springer, 177--190 . Xiangyan Tang, Ke Zhou, Jieren Cheng, Hui Li, and Yuming Yuan. 2021. The Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts: A Survey. In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Security. Springer, 177--190."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"MakerDAO Community Development Team. [n. d.]. How it Works. https:\/\/community-development.makerdao.com\/en\/learn\/Oracles\/how-it-works\/  MakerDAO Community Development Team. [n. d.]. How it Works. https:\/\/community-development.makerdao.com\/en\/learn\/Oracles\/how-it-works\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Uniswap Team. 2021. Introducing Uniswap V3. https:\/\/uniswap.org\/blog\/uniswap-v3  Uniswap Team. 2021. Introducing Uniswap V3. https:\/\/uniswap.org\/blog\/uniswap-v3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Duc V Le, and Arthur Gervais.","author":"Zhou Liyi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liyi Zhou , Kaihua Qin , Christof Ferreira Torres , Duc V Le, and Arthur Gervais. 2020 . High-Frequency Trading on Decentralized On-Chain Exchanges . arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.14021 (2020). Liyi Zhou, Kaihua Qin, Christof Ferreira Torres, Duc V Le, and Arthur Gervais. 2020. High-Frequency Trading on Decentralized On-Chain Exchanges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2009.14021 (2020)."}],"event":{"name":"CCS '21: 2021 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security","location":"Virtual Event Republic of Korea","acronym":"CCS '21","sponsor":["SIGSAC ACM Special Interest Group on Security, Audit, and Control"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Cyber-Security Arms Race"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474374.3486916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3474374.3486916","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:49Z","timestamp":1750191529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474374.3486916"}},"subtitle":["Investigating Arbitrageurs and Oracle Manipulators in Ethereum"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3474374.3486916","10.1145\/3474374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474374.3486916","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-15","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}