{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T12:10:01Z","timestamp":1767183001913,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639353600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Asian Low-Resour. Lang. Inf. Process."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            This paper is aimed at improving the performance of the\n            <jats:bold>word recognition system (WRS)<\/jats:bold>\n            of handwritten Arabic text by extracting features in the frequency domain using the\n            <jats:bold>Stationary Wavelet Transform (SWT)<\/jats:bold>\n            method using machine learning, which is a\u00a0wavelet transform\u00a0approach created to compensate for the absence of translation invariance in the\u00a0\n            <jats:bold>Discrete Wavelets Transform (DWT)<\/jats:bold>\n            method. The proposed SWT-WRS of Arabic handwritten text consists of three main processes: word normalization, feature extraction based on SWT, and recognition. The proposed SWT-WRS based on the SWT method is evaluated on the IFN\/ENIT database applying the Gaussian, linear, and polynomial support vector machine, the k-nearest neighbors, and ANN classifiers. ANN performance was assessed by applying the\n            <jats:bold>Bayesian Regularization (BR)<\/jats:bold>\n            and\n            <jats:bold>Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)<\/jats:bold>\n            training methods. Numerous\n            <jats:bold>wavelet transform (WT)<\/jats:bold>\n            families are applied, and the results prove that level 19 of the Daubechies family is the best WT family for the proposed SWT-WRS. The results also confirm the effectiveness of the proposed SWT-WRS in improving the performance of handwritten Arabic word recognition using machine learning. Therefore, the suggested SWT-WRS overcomes the lack of translation invariance in the\u00a0DWT method by eliminating the up-and-down samplers from the proposed machine learning method.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3474391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]],"date-time":"2021-12-13T14:36:25Z","timestamp":1639406185000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Arabic Handwritten Word Recognition Based on Stationary Wavelet Transform Technique using Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Atallah Mahmoud","family":"Al-Shatnawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, Prince Hussein Bin Abdullah College for Information Technology, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Al-Saqqar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science Department, Prince Hussein Bin Abdullah College for Information Technology, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Souri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran, Department of Computer Engineering, Hali\u00e7 University, Beyo\u011flu, \u0130stanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","first-page":"186","article-title":"Artificial immune algorithm for handwritten Arabic word recognition","volume":"14","author":"Nemmour H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Nemmour and Y. Chibani. 2017. Artificial immune algorithm for handwritten Arabic word recognition. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology 14, 2 (2017), 186\u2013194.","journal-title":"The International Arab Journal of Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISDA.2015.7489190"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2431211.2431222"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s100440200004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCSim.2011.5999846"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14569\/IJACSA.2019.0101227"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A holistic technique for an Arabic OCR system","volume":"4","author":"Nashwan F.","year":"2018","unstructured":"F. Nashwan, M. A. Rashwan, H. M. Al-Barhamtoshy, S. M. Abdou, and A. M. Moussa. 2018. A holistic technique for an Arabic OCR system. Journal of Imaging 4, 1 (2018), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jimaging4010006","journal-title":"Journal of Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"World Arabic Language Day. 2017. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Accessed 21 January 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CSIT.2014.6805978"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIC.2014.7238501"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","first-page":"977","article-title":"A novel baseline estimation method for Arabic handwritten text based on exploited components of Voronoi diagrams","volume":"13","author":"Al-Shatnawi A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Al-Shatnawi. 2016. A novel baseline estimation method for Arabic handwritten text based on exploited components of Voronoi diagrams. International Arab Journal of Information Technology 13, 3 (2016), 977\u20131003.","journal-title":"International Arab Journal of Information Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5121\/ijcsit.2015.7601"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EITech.2015.7162979"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"J. H. AlKhateeb. 2010. Word based off-line handwritten Arabic classification and recognition: Design of automatic recognition system for large vocabulary offline handwritten Arabic words using machine learning approaches. Ph.D. dissertation University of Bradford."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology","author":"AlKhateeb J. H.","year":"2011","unstructured":"J. H. AlKhateeb. 2011. Word-based handwritten Arabic scripts recognition using dynamic Bayesian network. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2005.53"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","first-page":"184","article-title":"Offline Arabic text recognition\u2013an overview","volume":"1","author":"Al-Shatnawi A. M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"A. M. Al-Shatnawi, A. S. Safwan, F. AL-Zawaideh, and K. Omar. 2011. Offline Arabic text recognition\u2013an overview. World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT) 1, 5 (2011), 184\u2013192.","journal-title":"World of Computer Science and Information Technology Journal (WCSIT)"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Proposed handwriting Arabic words classification based on discrete wavelet transform and support vector machine","volume":"58","author":"Hassan A. K. A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. K. A. Hassan and M. Alawi. 2017. Proposed handwriting Arabic words classification based on discrete wavelet transform and support vector machine. Iraqi Journal of Science 58, 2C (2017), 1159\u20131168.","journal-title":"Iraqi Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"64","article-title":"Handwriting word recognition based on SVM classifier","volume":"1","author":"Kadhm M. S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. S. Kadhm and A. Abdul. 2015. Handwriting word recognition based on SVM classifier. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications 1 (2015), 64\u201368.","journal-title":"International Journal of Advanced Computer Science & Applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-20367-1_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2006.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9854050"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"520","article-title":"Face recognition using stationary wavelet transform and neural network with support vector machine","volume":"56","author":"Ali N. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"N. A. Ali. 2015. Face recognition using stationary wavelet transform and neural network with support vector machine. Iraqi Journal of Science 56, 1B (2015), 520\u2013530.","journal-title":"Iraqi Journal of Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36056-6_34"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3203(00)00051-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","article-title":"Comparison of two different feature sets for offline recognition of handwritten Arabic words","author":"Pechwitz M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"M. Pechwitz, V. Maergner, and H. El Abed. 2006. Comparison of two different feature sets for offline recognition of handwritten Arabic words. Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition.","journal-title":"Tenth International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MMCS.2009.5256656"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"432","volume-title":"2010 International Conference on Intelligent Network and Computing (ICINC 2010)","author":"El-Bashir M.","year":"2010","unstructured":"M. El-Bashir. 2010. Principal components analysis for Arabic sub-word recognition. 2010 International Conference on Intelligent Network and Computing (ICINC 2010). 432\u2013434."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR.2010.468"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34481-7_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31254-0_64"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2015.7333724"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ASAR.2017.8067764"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACIT.2018.8672667"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94211-7_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218001418600078"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2017.0839"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCES48960.2019.9068184"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-019-03939-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IRASET48871.2020.9092067"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32604\/cmc.2021.013744"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-2544-7_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","article-title":"Wavelet transforms and efficient implementation on the GPU","author":"Moen H.","year":"2007","unstructured":"H. Moen. 2007. Wavelet transforms and efficient implementation on the GPU. University of Oslo, Master's thesis.","journal-title":"University of Oslo"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218339010003652"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1166\/jmihi.2015.1542"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.533717"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/211359"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AICCSA.2015.7507240"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03767-2_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAPR.2009.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoCS.2014.7060935"},{"issue":"09","key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"34","article-title":"Automatic recognition of off-line handwritten Arabic (Indian) numerals using support vector and extreme learning machines","volume":"2","author":"Mahmoud S. A.","year":"2009","unstructured":"S. A. Mahmoud and S. O. Olatunji. 2009. Automatic recognition of off-line handwritten Arabic (Indian) numerals using support vector and extreme learning machines. International Journal of Imaging 2, (A09) (2009), 34\u201353.","journal-title":"International Journal of Imaging"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing","author":"Kouamo S.","year":"2012","unstructured":"S. Kouamo and C. Tangha. 2012. Handwritten character recognition with artificial neural networks. In Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence. Advances in Intelligent and Soft Computing. S. Omatu J. De Paz Santana, S. Gonz\u00e1lez, J. Molina, A. Bernardos, and J. Rodr\u00edguez (eds). Springer, Berlin, 151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-28765-7_64"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"07","article-title":"Artificial neural network: A brief overview","volume":"4","author":"Zakaria M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Zakaria, M. AL-Shebany, and S. Sarhan. 2014. Artificial neural network: A brief overview. In International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 4, 2 (2014), 07\u201312.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/qam\/10666"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0111030"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","first-page":"533","article-title":"Assessment of neural network training algorithms for the prediction of polymeric inclusion membranes efficiency","volume":"20","author":"Yaqub M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Yaqub, B. Eren, and V. Ey\u00fcpo\u011flu. 2016. Assessment of neural network training algorithms for the prediction of polymeric inclusion membranes efficiency. Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi 20, 3 (2016), 533\u2013542.","journal-title":"Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Dergisi"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","first-page":"181","article-title":"The least squares problem","author":"Watkins D. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"D. S. Watkins. 2005. The least squares problem. Fundam. Matrix Comput. 1989, 181\u2013259.","journal-title":"Fundam. Matrix Comput"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1992.4.3.448"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Proc. of CIFED","author":"Pechwitz M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"M. Pechwitz, S. S. Maddouri, V. M\u00e4rgner, N. Ellouze, and H. Amiri. 2002. IFN\/ENIT-database of handwritten Arabic words. In Proc. of CIFED. CiteSeer, 127\u2013136."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDAR.2009.256"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3474391","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:49Z","timestamp":1750191529000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474391"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3474391"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474391","relation":{},"ISSN":["2375-4699","2375-4702"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2375-4699"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2375-4702"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-12-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}