{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:52:48Z","timestamp":1780465968331,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":222,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite the rapid growth and advancement in the<jats:bold>Internet of Things (IoT<\/jats:bold>), there are critical challenges that need to be addressed before the full adoption of the IoT. Data privacy is one of the hurdles towards the adoption of IoT as there might be potential misuse of users\u2019 data and their identity in IoT applications. Several researchers have proposed different approaches to reduce privacy risks. However, most of the existing solutions still suffer from various drawbacks, such as huge bandwidth utilization and network latency, heavyweight cryptosystems, and policies that are applied on sensor devices and in the cloud. To address these issues, fog computing has been introduced for IoT network edges providing low latency, computation, and storage services. In this survey, we comprehensively review and classify privacy requirements for an in-depth understanding of privacy implications in IoT applications. Based on the classification, we highlight ongoing research efforts and limitations of the existing privacy-preservation techniques and map the existing IoT schemes with Fog-enabled IoT schemes to elaborate on the benefits and improvements that Fog-enabled IoT can bring to preserve data privacy in IoT applications. Lastly, we enumerate key research challenges and point out future research directions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3474554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T17:36:59Z","timestamp":1637689019000},"page":"1-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Survey on Privacy Preservation in Fog-Enabled Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Kinza","family":"Sarwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer &amp; Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sira","family":"Yongchareon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer &amp; Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Computer &amp; Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2694844"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Connected IoT Devices Forecast. Help Net Security 2019 [cited 2019; 41.6 billion IoT devices will be generating 79.4 zettabytes of data in 2025]. Available from https:\/\/www.helpnetsecurity.com\/2019\/06\/21\/connected-iot-devices-forecast\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2020.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2342509.2342513"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2677520"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2727054"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11235-017-0345-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SERVICES.2015.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2015.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.06.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2241460"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2016.2579162"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2590944"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6567073"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-017-0767-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","article-title":"Machine learning differential privacy with multifunctional aggregation in a Fog computing architecture","author":"Yang M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Yang et al. 2018. Machine learning differential privacy with multifunctional aggregation in a Fog computing architecture. IEEE Access 2018.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2012.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2017.1600363CM"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","article-title":"A brief survey on IoT privacy: Taxonomy, issues and future trends","author":"Sarwar K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"K. Sarwar, S. Yongchareon, and J. Yu. 2018. A brief survey on IoT privacy: Taxonomy, issues and future trends. In International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing. 2018. Springer.","journal-title":"International Conference on Service-Oriented Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3333501"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Aleisa and K. Renaud. 2017. Privacy of the Internet of Things: A systematic literature review. 2017.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.717"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","unstructured":"A. Tewari and B. J. F. G. C. S. Gupta. 2018. Security privacy and trust of different layers in Internet-of-Things (IoTs) framework. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2749422"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9373961"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"e4436","article-title":"A survey on security issues in services communication of microservices-enabled Fog applications","author":"Yu D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"D. Yu et al. 2018. A survey on security issues in services communication of microservices-enabled Fog applications. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience 2018: e4436.","journal-title":"Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15439\/2014F503","article-title":"The Fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues","author":"Stojmenovic I.","year":"2014","unstructured":"I. Stojmenovic and S. Wen. 2014. The Fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues. In 2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. 2014. IEEE.","journal-title":"2014 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","unstructured":"Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection 2019 A survey on cryptographic security and information hiding technology for Cloud or Fog-based IoT system"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","unstructured":"G. Broenink et al. 2010. The privacy coach: Supporting customer privacy in the Internet of Things. arXiv preprint arXiv:1001.4459 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBNMT.2011.6155923"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxr010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978945"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2011.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195664"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Elaluf-Calderwood and J. Liebenau. 2012. Privacy identity and security concerns: Enterprise strategic decision making and business model development for mobile payments in NFC. 2012.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2014205"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2013.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2494091.2499770"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Virkki and L. Chen. 2013. Personal perspectives: Individual privacy in the IoT. 2013.","DOI":"10.4236\/ait.2013.32003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1005-8885(13)60219-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-012-0539-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2013.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557352"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2015.7285023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ESSDERC.2015.7324748"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","volume-title":"International Conference on Critical Information Infrastructures Security","author":"Salonikias S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"S. Salonikias, I. Mavridis, and D. Gritzalis. 2015. Access control issues in utilizing Fog computing for transport infrastructure. In International Conference on Critical Information Infrastructures Security. 2015. Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.05.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2906388.2906412"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-014-2061-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2015.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2993206.2993207"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","unstructured":"S. Ghugal and M. Vaidya. 2016. Military network security for data retrieval with touch of smell technology. 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SISY.2016.7601512"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2016.7833572"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3019612.3019655"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030614"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2659783"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","unstructured":"N. Apthorpe et al. 2017. Spying on the smart home: Privacy attacks and defenses on encrypted IoT traffic. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2577321"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2647225"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2647225"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2704904"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","unstructured":"G. L. Camillo C. M. Westphall J. Werner and C. B. Westphall. 2017. Preserving privacy with fine-grained authorization in an identity management system. 2017: 86."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","volume-title":"Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), 2017 IEEE International Conference on","author":"Dorri A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Dorri et al. 2017. Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home. In Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops), 2017 IEEE International Conference on. 2017. IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2628413"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2016.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing","author":"Du M.","year":"2017","unstructured":"M. Du et al. 2017. A differential privacy-based query model for sustainable Fog data centers. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Computing, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2670570"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2757955"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13638-018-1173-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. De Capitani di Vimercati et al. 2018. Enforcing authorizations while protecting access confidentiality. 2018 (Preprint): 1\u201333.","DOI":"10.3233\/JCS-171004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3196494.3196535"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Yan X. Li Y. Wang and C. Jia. 2018. Centralized duplicate removal video storage system with privacy preservation in IoT. 18 6 (2018) 1814.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061814"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2017.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-2947-7.ch011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2017.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Tonyali et al. 2018. Privacy-preserving protocols for secure and reliable data aggregation in IoT-enabled smart metering systems. 78 (2018) 547\u2013557.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2018.8422734"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2018.09.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2018.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-017-1067-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12243-018-0684-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2908664"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143146"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051184"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4763"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2019.2920836"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-18590-9_28"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1550147719855893"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing","author":"Gai K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. Gai et al. 2019. Multi-access filtering for privacy-preserving Fog computing. IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","article-title":"A secure integrated framework for Fog-assisted Internet of Things systems","author":"Junejo A. K.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. K. Junejo, N. Komninos, and J. A. McCann. 2020. A secure integrated framework for Fog-assisted Internet of Things systems. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Privacy protection for Fog computing and the Internet of Things data based on blockchain","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Liu, J. Zhang, and J. Zhan. 2020. Privacy protection for Fog computing and the Internet of Things data based on blockchain. Cluster Computing (2020), 1\u201315.","journal-title":"Cluster Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030758"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.09.061"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2977383"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2020.102393"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2020.100265"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2020.102689"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2020.3047382"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2987958"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSUSC.2020.2968589"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2019.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2020.3014487"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Using granule to search privacy preserving voice in home IoT systems","author":"Li W.","year":"2020","unstructured":"W. Li et al. 2020. Using granule to search privacy preserving voice in home IoT systems. IEEE Access 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","article-title":"Functional privacy-preserving outsourcing scheme with computation verifiability in fog computing","volume":"14","author":"Tang W.","year":"2020","unstructured":"W. Tang et al. 2020. Functional privacy-preserving outsourcing scheme with computation verifiability in fog computing. KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems 14, 1 (2020).","journal-title":"KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.09.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","article-title":"LiPSG: Lightweight privacy-preserving Q-learning based energy management for the IoT-enable smart grid","author":"Wang Z.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Wang et al. 2020. LiPSG: Lightweight privacy-preserving Q-learning based energy management for the IoT-enable smart grid. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","article-title":"A privacy-preserving charging scheme for electric vehicles using blockchain and fog computing","author":"Li H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Li, D. Han, and M. Tang. 2020. A privacy-preserving charging scheme for electric vehicles using blockchain and fog computing. IEEE Systems Journal 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","article-title":"Privacy-aware data fusion and prediction with spatial-temporal context for smart city industrial environment","author":"Qi L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"L. Qi et al. 2020. Privacy-aware data fusion and prediction with spatial-temporal context for smart city industrial environment. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","article-title":"Privacy-preserving continuous data collection for predictive maintenance in vehicular fog-cloud","author":"Kong Q.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Q. Kong et al. 2020. Privacy-preserving continuous data collection for predictive maintenance in vehicular fog-cloud. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FMEC49853.2020.9144814"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","article-title":"Achieving privacy-preserving and verifiable data sharing in vehicular fog with blockchain","author":"Kong Q.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Q. Kong, L. Su, and M. Ma. 2020. Achieving privacy-preserving and verifiable data sharing in vehicular fog with blockchain. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","article-title":"BRAKE: Bilateral privacy-preserving and accurate task assignment in fog-assisted mobile crowdsensing","author":"Zeng B.","year":"2020","unstructured":"B. Zeng et al. 2020. BRAKE: Bilateral privacy-preserving and accurate task assignment in fog-assisted mobile crowdsensing. IEEE Systems Journal 2020.","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2748998"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1306440110"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2020.1722949"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2015.1018773"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815928115"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"A smart fridge with an ability to enhance health and enable better nutrition","volume":"4","author":"Luo S.","year":"2009","unstructured":"S. Luo, J. Jin, and J. Li. 2009. A smart fridge with an ability to enhance health and enable better nutrition. International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering 4, 2 (2009), 69\u201380.","journal-title":"International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","article-title":"Increasing nutrient awareness with the Smart Kitchen Scale","author":"Bosma H.","year":"2020","unstructured":"H. Bosma. 2020. Increasing nutrient awareness with the Smart Kitchen Scale. 2020, University of Twente.","journal-title":"2020, University of Twente"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design of smart city systems from a privacy perspective","volume":"13","author":"St\u00e5hlbr\u00f6st A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. St\u00e5hlbr\u00f6st et al. 2015. Design of smart city systems from a privacy perspective. IADIS International Journal on WWW\/Internet 13, 1 (2015), 1\u201316.","journal-title":"IADIS International Journal on WWW\/Internet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.04.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2988403"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-019-02142-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7166-0_74"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Rani and P. Saini. 2020. Fog computing: Applications and secure data aggregation in handbook of computer networks and cyber security. 2020 Springer 475\u2013492.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22277-2_19"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-0324-5_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"An enhanced soft computing-based formulation for secure data aggregation and efficient data processing in large-scale wireless sensor network","author":"Shobana M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Shobana, R. Sabitha, and S. Karthik. 2020. An enhanced soft computing-based formulation for secure data aggregation and efficient data processing in large-scale wireless sensor network. Soft Computing (2020), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Soft Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2020.101714"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-018-1706-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2020.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCE.2019.2893674"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102548"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11423409_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066116.1189037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2007.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1352533.1352547"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CIS.2019.00072"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_155_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051037"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1029102.1029117"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2005.31"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Baroutis and M. Younis. 2019. Location privacy in wireless sensor networks in mission-oriented sensor networks and systems: Art and science. 2019 Springer 669\u2013714.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91146-5_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.2976075"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisa.2020.102502"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2015.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051163"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2988336.2988349"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_164_2","article-title":"Internet of Things (IoT): Architecture and design","author":"Abed A. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. A. Abed. 2016. Internet of Things (IoT): Architecture and design. In 2016 Al-Sadeq International Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Applications (AIC-MITCSA). 2016. IEEE.","journal-title":"2016 Al-Sadeq International Conference on Multidisciplinary in IT and Communication Science and Applications (AIC-MITCSA)"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_165_2","unstructured":"Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 2017 Provably secure biometric based authentication and key agreement protocol for wireless sensor networks"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2016.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3083187.3083192"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2016.2607691"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2016.101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_171_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2016.2585081"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3057442.3057458"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_173_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.07.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_174_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_175_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Additively homomorphic encryption and fragmentation scheme for data aggregation inside unattended wireless sensor networks","author":"Kapusta K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. Kapusta, G. Memmi, and H. Noura. 2019. Additively homomorphic encryption and fragmentation scheme for data aggregation inside unattended wireless sensor networks. Annals of Telecommunications (2019), 1\u20139.","journal-title":"Annals of Telecommunications"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_176_2","article-title":"Flexible and secure data transmission system based on semi-tensor compressive sensing in wireless body area networks","author":"Li L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Li et al. 2018. Flexible and secure data transmission system based on semi-tensor compressive sensing in wireless body area networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal 2018.","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2262273"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2016.2577321"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1525856.1525858"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Marvin et al. 2018. Urban Living Labs: Experimenting with City Futures. 2018: Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315230641"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858417"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_183_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2706698"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1687299.1687336"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2013.2257188"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2727054"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_188_2","first-page":"425","volume-title":"High Voltage Engineering","author":"Chen J.-h.","year":"2008","unstructured":"J.-h. Chen et al. 2008. Lightning location system and lightning detection network of China power grid. High Voltage Engineering 34, 3 (2008), 425\u2013431."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2666783"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_190_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2019.106504"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_191_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2020.3004627"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSS.2019.2960824"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2020.2987958"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_195_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-015-0410-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-015-0983-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12083-014-0255-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s17061423"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Mitton et al. 2012. Combining Cloud and Sensors in a Smart City Environment. 2012 Springer.","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2012-247"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_201_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2020.2986617"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/JCC.2020.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2014.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCC.2015.2485199"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCC.2016.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_206_2","article-title":"A lightweight and anonymous RFID tag authentication protocol with cloud assistance for e-healthcare applications","author":"Wu F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"F. Wu et al. 2017. A lightweight and anonymous RFID tag authentication protocol with cloud assistance for e-healthcare applications. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 2017.","journal-title":"Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_207_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2017.2656475"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2015.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_209_2","volume-title":"Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY), 2016 IEEE 14th International Symposium on","author":"Iva\u015fcu T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"T. Iva\u015fcu, M. Fr\u00eencu, and V. Negru. 2016. Considerations towards security and privacy in Internet of Things based eHealth applications. In Intelligent Systems and Informatics (SISY), 2016 IEEE 14th International Symposium on. 2016. IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_210_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_211_2","volume-title":"Computers & Electrical Engineering","author":"Challa S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"S. Challa et al. 2017. An efficient ECC-based provably secure three-factor user authentication and key agreement protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering, 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_212_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2707489"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_213_2","article-title":"A security authorization scheme for smart home Internet of Things devices","author":"Chifor B.-C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"B.-C. Chifor et al. 2017. A security authorization scheme for smart home Internet of Things devices. Future Generation Computer Systems 2017.","journal-title":"Future Generation Computer Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_214_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2016.05.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_215_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Askoxylakis et al. 2016. Computer Security\u2013ESORICS 2016. 2016: Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45744-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2016.7513863"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_217_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2014.7000980"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_218_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/mnet.2015.7064897"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.02.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_220_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.05.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_221_2","first-page":"2021","article-title":"Multi-access edge computing architecture, data security and privacy: A review","author":"Ali B.","year":"2021","unstructured":"B. Ali, M. A. Gregory, and S. Li. 2021. Multi-access edge computing architecture, data security and privacy: A review. IEEE Access 2021.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_222_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2354-6_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_223_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fog computing architectures, privacy and security solutions","volume":"24","author":"Mostafavi S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Mostafavi and W. Shafik. 2019. Fog computing architectures, privacy and security solutions. Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science 24 (2019), 1\u201314.","journal-title":"Journal of Communications Technology, Electronics and Computer Science"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3474554","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:50Z","timestamp":1750191530000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474554"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":222,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3474554"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474554","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}