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In this paper, we present four studies, each using a different VR game. Within each study, we compared three different modalities of tutorials: Text (text-only), Text+Diagram (text with controller diagrams), and Text+Spatial (text with controller tooltips appearing on top of the player's virtual controllers). Data from our studies show that the importance of tutorial modality depends greatly on game type. In a third-person shooter, Text+Spatial led to significantly higher controls learnability than Text and Text+Diagram, and also led to significantly higher performance, player experience, and intrinsic motivation than Text. In a puzzle game, Text+Spatial led to significantly higher controls learnability and performance than Text. Additionally, Text+Diagram led to significantly higher controls learnability than Text. However, in a wave shooter and a rhythm game, differences between conditions were negligible on all measures. Our studies show that game type is an important factor to consider when designing tutorial modality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3474661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T22:59:48Z","timestamp":1633561188000},"page":"1-28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Evaluating Tutorial-Based Instructions for Controllers in Virtual Reality Games"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Dominic","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra J.","family":"Magana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Mousas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_3_1_1","unstructured":"Forecast augmented (AR) and virtual reality (VR) market size worldwide from 2016 to 2024: 2020. https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/591181\/global-augmented-virtual-reality-market-size\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_2_1","volume-title":"According To Greenlight Insights","author":"New Consumer Data Finds VR","year":"2018","unstructured":"New Consumer Data Finds VR Headset Usage Expected To Increase In 2019, According To Greenlight Insights: 2018. https:\/\/greenlightinsights.com\/new-consumer-data-finds-vr-headset-usage-expected-increase-2019-according-greenlight-insights\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose T. 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