{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T11:26:04Z","timestamp":1763810764398,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"Huawei and Ghent University, funded by Huawei Technologies, China"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Research Foundation Flanders","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["12W4819N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12W4819N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate and fast estimations or predictions of the (near) future location of the users of head-mounted devices within the virtual omnidirectional environment open a plethora of opportunities in application domains such as interactive immersive gaming and tele-surgery. Therefore, the past years have seen growing attention to models for viewport prediction in 360\u05af environments. Among the approaches, content-agnostic, trajectory-based methods have the potential to provide very fast solutions, as they do not require complex analysis of the videos to provide a prediction. However, accurate trajectory-based viewport prediction is rather difficult due to the intrinsic variability in user behaviour. Furthermore, even when making use of machine learning, current approaches tend to be brute-force and heavily tailored to specific datasets with little comparison to existing benchmarks or publicly available studies. This article presents a generic, content-agnostic viewport prediction method consisting of a window-based approach combined with a preprocessing system to classify behavioural patterns in terms of user clustering and trajectory correlation. Moreover, as the state of the art does not provide a comparative analysis of different approaches, this work contributes to this. Based on the obtained results, a combined prediction model is proposed and evaluated. Our method shows a 36.8% to 53.9% improvement when compared to the static prediction baseline for a prediction horizon of 8 seconds. In addition, a 11.5% to 24.0% improvement to a brute-force machine learning prediction approach is obtained. As such, this work contributes towards the creation of more generic and structured solutions for content-agnostic viewport prediction in terms of data representation, preprocessing and modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3474833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T17:56:32Z","timestamp":1645034192000},"page":"1-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Machine Learning Based Content-Agnostic Viewport Prediction for 360-Degree Video"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Sam","family":"Van Damme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab - imec, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Torres","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab - imec, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"De Turck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab - imec, Department of Information Technology, Ghent University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2010.2048101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2019.2897220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2018.8486606"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2016.7840720"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LNET.2020.2977124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3083187.3083215"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3001460.3001507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3083165.3083180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR46125.2019.00038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR46266.2020.00104"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VR.2019.8797830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2018.8638092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR.2019.00060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3304109.3325812"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2980539.2980649"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3240508.3240669"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR.2018.00033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2980055.2980056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IFIP\/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM\u201919)","author":"Hooft J. Van der","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Van der Hooft, M. Torres Vega, S. Petrangeli, T. Wauters, and F. De Turck. 2019. Optimizing adaptive tile-based virtual reality video streaming. In Proceedings of the 2019 IFIP\/IEEE Symposium on Integrated Network and Service Management (IM\u201919). IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA, 381\u2013387."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3362101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/AIVR46125.2019.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3083187.3083210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i01.7377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3123266.3123291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3240508.3240556"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2976040.2976241"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3474833","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T21:28:44Z","timestamp":1750195724000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3474833"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3474833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3474833","relation":{},"ISSN":["1551-6857","1551-6865"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1551-6857"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1551-6865"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-02-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}