{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T02:18:36Z","timestamp":1781835516785,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"LBNL Sustainable Horizons internship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-05CH11231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research Accelerated Research for Quantum Computing and Quantum Algorithms Team Programs"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility"},{"name":"DOE Office of Science User Facility","award":["DE-AC05-00OR22725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC05-00OR22725"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Emerg. Technol. Comput. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers consisting of tens of inherently noisy quantum bits (qubits) suffer from reliability problems. Qubits and their gates are susceptible to various types of errors. Due to limited numbers of qubits and high error rates, quantum error correction cannot be applied. Physical constraints of quantum hardware including the error rates are used to guide the design and the layout of quantum circuits. The error rates determine the selection of qubits and their operations. The resulting circuit is executed on the quantum computer.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>This study explores the risk of unexpected changes in the error rates of NISQ computers post-calibration. We show that unexpected changes in error rates can alter the output state of a quantum circuit. To detect these changes, we propose the insertion of test points into the quantum circuit to enable online monitoring of the physical qubit behavior. We utilize classical, superposition, and uncompute test points. Furthermore, we use a gate error coverage metric to assess the quality of the tests. We verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme on different IBM quantum computers (IBM Q), in addition to a noisy simulation that shows the scalability of the proposed approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3477928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:20:36Z","timestamp":1634948436000},"page":"1-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Test Points for Online Monitoring of Quantum Circuits"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6668-8691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikita","family":"Acharya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Urbanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wibe A.","family":"De Jong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8107-3644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samah Mohamed","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Rigetti Computing 2018. 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