{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T21:45:40Z","timestamp":1776116740302,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation","award":["1948292."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1948292."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Emergency medical services (EMS) teams are first responders providing urgent medical care to severely ill or injured patients in the field. Despite their criticality, EMS work is one of the very few medical domains with limited technical support. This paper describes a study conducted to examine technology opportunities for supporting EMS data work and decision-making. We transcribed and analyzed 25 simulation videos. Using the distributed cognition framework, we examined EMS teams' work practices that support information acquisition and sharing. Our results showed that EMS teams leveraged various mechanisms (e.g., verbal communication and external cognitive aids) to distribute cognitive labor in managing, collecting, and using patient data. However, we observed a set of prominent challenges in EMS data work, including lack of detailed documentation in real time, situation recall issues, situation awareness problems, and challenges in decision making and communication. Based on the results, we discuss implications for technology opportunities to support rapid information acquisition, integration, and sharing in time-critical, high-risk medical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3479500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T02:30:11Z","timestamp":1634610611000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Data Work and Decision Making in Emergency Medical Services: A Distributed Cognition Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Zhan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Pradeepti","family":"Upadhyayula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ozkaynak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pace University, New York, NY, USA"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Adelgais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work. ACM","author":"Sarcevic A.","unstructured":"A. Sarcevic, Z. Zhang, and D. S. Kusunoki. 2012. Decision making tasks in time-critical medical settings. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM International Conference on Supporting Group Work. ACM, Sanibel Island, Florida, 99--102."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"And the survey says: NASEMSO analysis provides snapshot of EMS industry","volume":"37","author":"McCallion T.","year":"2012","unstructured":"T. McCallion. And the survey says: NASEMSO analysis provides snapshot of EMS industry. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 37, 1 (2012), 34--35.","journal-title":"Journal of Emergency Medical Services"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM","author":"Zhang Z.","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, A. Sarcevic, and C. Bossen. 2017. Constructing common information spaces across distributed emergency medical teams. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing. ACM, Portland, Oregon, 934--947."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Kusunoki D. S.","unstructured":"D. S. Kusunoki, A. Sarcevic, N. Weibel, I. Marsic, Z. Zhang, G. Tuveson, and R. S. Burd. 2014. Balancing design tensions: iterative display design to support ad hoc and multidisciplinary medical teamwork. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Toronto, Canada, 3777--3786."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association","author":"Zhang Z.","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, A. Sarcevic, and R. S. Burd. 2013. Supporting information use and retention of pre-hospital information during trauma resuscitation: a qualitative study of pre-hospital communications and information needs. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association, Washington, DC, 1579--1588."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"On the use of electronic documentation systems in fast-paced, time-critical medical settings","volume":"29","author":"Sarcevic A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Sarcevic and N. Ferraro. On the use of electronic documentation systems in fast-paced, time-critical medical settings. Interacting with Computers, 29, 2 (2017), 203--219.","journal-title":"Interacting with Computers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJHTM.2005.007008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/301153.301160"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2009.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130600612663"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Landgren J.","unstructured":"J. Landgren and U. Nulden. 2007. A study of emergency response work: patterns of mobile phone interaction. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, San Jose, CA, 1323--1332."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Kristensen M.","unstructured":"M. Kristensen, M. Kyng, and L. Palen. 2006. Participatory design in emergency medical service: designing for future practice. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Montreal, Canada, 161--170."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care. SAGE","author":"Biesbroek S.","unstructured":"S. Biesbroek and E. Teteris. 2012. Human factors review of EMS ground ambulance design. In Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care. SAGE, Baltimore, Maryland, 95--101."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/106480409X435961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE","author":"Chow R.","unstructured":"R. Chow and K. J. Vicente. 2002. A field study of emergency ambulance dispatching: Implications for decision support. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE, Baltimore, Maryland, 313--317."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Data work in healthcare: An Introduction","author":"Bossen C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Bossen, K. H. Pine, F. Cabitza, G. Ellingsen, and E. M. Piras. Data work in healthcare: An Introduction. SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England, City, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3386389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219856462"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219833095"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2006.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Yang Q.","unstructured":"Q. Yang, A. Steinfeld, and J. Zimmerman. 2019. Unremarkable ai: Fitting intelligent decision support into critical, clinical decision-making processes. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Glasgow, UK, 238--248."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.653222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40166-015-0012-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Effects of Integrated IT Support on the Prehospital Stroke Process: Results from a Realistic Experiment","volume":"3","author":"Hagiwara M. A.","year":"2019","unstructured":"M. A. Hagiwara, L. Lundberg, B. A. Sj\u00f6qvist, and H. M. S\u00f6derholm. The Effects of Integrated IT Support on the Prehospital Stroke Process: Results from a Realistic Experiment. Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research, 3, 3 (2019), 300--328.","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Informatics Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.10.1223"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458204048507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2000.01443.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM","author":"Hardstone G.","unstructured":"G. Hardstone, M. Hartswood, R. Procter, R. Slack, A. Voss, and G. Rees. 2004. Supporting informality: team working and integrated care records. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, Chicago, Illinois, 142--151."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"The hidden lives of nurses' cognitive artifacts","volume":"7","author":"Blaz J. W.","year":"2016","unstructured":"J. W. Blaz, A. K. Doig, K. G. Cloyes, and N. Staggers. The hidden lives of nurses' cognitive artifacts. Applied Clinical Informatics, 7, 3 (2016), 832--849.","journal-title":"Applied Clinical Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753594"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science. Information Research","author":"Pilerot O.","unstructured":"O. Pilerot and H. Maurin S\u00f6derholm. 2019 of Conference. A conceptual framework for investigating documentary practices in prehospital emergency care. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science. Information Research, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 24(4)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2005.00546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Jagannath S.","unstructured":"S. Jagannath, A. Sarcevic, V. Young, and S. Myers. 2019. Temporal Rhythms and Patterns of Electronic Documentation in Time-Critical Medical Work. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Glasgow, UK, 334--347."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458217712058"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM 2009 International Conference on Supporting Group Work. ACM","author":"Sarcevic A.","unstructured":"A. Sarcevic and R. S. Burd. 2009. Information handover in time-critical work. In Proceedings of the ACM 2009 International Conference on Supporting Group Work. ACM, Sanibel Island, Florida, 301--310."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-22753-5_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine","author":"Norman D. A.","year":"1993","unstructured":"D. A. Norman. Things that make us smart: Defending human attributes in the age of the machine. Diversion Books, New York, 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1881.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/353485.353487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s101110050020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Activity theory and distributed cognition: Or what does CSCW need to DO with theories? Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 11, 1","author":"Halverson C. A.","year":"2002","unstructured":"C. A. Halverson. Activity theory and distributed cognition: Or what does CSCW need to DO with theories? Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 11, 1 (2002), 243--267."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Distributed cognition and mobile healthcare work. People and Computers XXII Culture, Creativity","volume":"22","author":"McKnight J.","year":"2008","unstructured":"J. McKnight and G. Doherty. Distributed cognition and mobile healthcare work. People and Computers XXII Culture, Creativity, Interaction 22, (2008), 35--38.","journal-title":"Interaction"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2012.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Hussain M.","unstructured":"M. Hussain and N. Weibel. 2016. Can DiCoT Improve Infection Control? A Distributed Cognition Study of Information Flow in Intensive Care. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, San Jose, CA, 2126--2133."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, 4","author":"Rogers Y.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Y. Rogers. Coordinating computer-mediated work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, 4 (1992), 295--315."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Coordination mechanisms: Towards a conceptual foundation of CSCW systems design. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 5, 2--3","author":"Schmidt K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"K. Schmidt and C. Simonee. Coordination mechanisms: Towards a conceptual foundation of CSCW systems design. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 5, 2--3 (1996), 155--200."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/587078.587104"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274468"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Collaboration and controlCrisis management and multimedia technology in London Underground Line Control Rooms. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, 1--2","author":"Heath C.","year":"1992","unstructured":"C. Heath and P. Luff. Collaboration and controlCrisis management and multimedia technology in London Underground Line Control Rooms. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, 1--2 (1992), 69--94."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE","author":"Kolbe M.","unstructured":"M. Kolbe, B. K\u00fcnzle, E. Zala-Mez\u00f6, M. J. Burtscher, J. Wacker, D. R. Spahn, and G. Grote. 2010. The functions of team monitoring and ?talking to the room'for performance in anesthesia teams. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. SAGE, San Francisco, CA, 857--861."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. ACM","author":"Dourish P.","unstructured":"P. Dourish and V. Bellotti. 1992. Awareness and coordination in shared workspaces. In Proceedings of the 1992 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, Toronto, CA, 107--114."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Taking CSCW seriously. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, 1","author":"Schmidt K.","year":"1992","unstructured":"K. Schmidt and L. Bannon. Taking CSCW seriously. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1, 1 (1992), 7--40."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1988.tb01249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e31829c397b"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM","author":"Liu P. J.","unstructured":"P. J. Liu, J. M. Laffey, and K. R. Cox. 2008. Operationalization of technology use and cooperation in CSCW. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, San Diego, CA, 505--514."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2004.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Sketching awareness: A participatory study to elicit designs for supporting ad hoc emergency medical teamwork. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 24, 1","author":"Kusunoki D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. Kusunoki, A. Sarcevic, Z. Zhang, and M. Yala. Sketching awareness: A participatory study to elicit designs for supporting ad hoc emergency medical teamwork. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 24, 1 (2015), 1--38."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM","author":"Bardram J. E.","unstructured":"J. E. Bardram, T. R. Hansen, and M. Soegaard. 2006. AwareMedia: a shared interactive display supporting social, temporal, and spatial awareness in surgery. In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, Banff Alberta, Canada, 109--118."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"ECSCW 2015: Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Springer","author":"Zhang Z.","unstructured":"Z. Zhang and A. Sarcevic. 2015. Constructing awareness through speech, gesture, gaze and movement during a time-critical medical task. In ECSCW 2015: Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Springer, Oslo, Norway, 163--182."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2010.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872099779591196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2189\/asqu.51.4.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM","author":"Sarcevic A.","unstructured":"A. Sarcevic, I. Marsic, M. E. Lesk, and R. S. Burd. 2008. Transactive memory in trauma resuscitation. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, San Diego, CA, 215--224."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of UbiHealth","volume":"3","author":"Bardram J. E.","year":"2003","unstructured":"J. E. Bardram. 2003. Hospitals of the future--ubiquitous computing support for medical work in hospitals. In Proceedings of UbiHealth, Vol.3, Seattle, WA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"ECSCW","author":"Reddy M. C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. C. Reddy, P. Dourish, and W. Pratt. 2001. Coordinating heterogeneous work: information and representation in medical care. In ECSCW 2001. Springer, Bonn, Germany, 239--258."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. ACM","author":"Pine K. H.","unstructured":"K. H. Pine and M. Mazmanian. 2014. Institutional logics of the EMR and the problem of'perfect'but inaccurate accounts. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing. ACM, Baltimore, Maryland, 283--294."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","volume-title":"occasions for information technologies in medical work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 8, 4","author":"Berg M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"M. Berg. Accumulating and coordinating: occasions for information technologies in medical work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 8, 4 (1999), 373--401."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0b013e3182a17195"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Park S. Y.","year":"2097","unstructured":"S. Y. Park and Y. Chen. 2012. Adaptation as design: learning from an EMR deployment study. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Austin, TX, 2097--2106."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Accounting and co-constructing: the development of a standard for electronic health records. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 20, 6","author":"Bossen C.","year":"2011","unstructured":"C. Bossen. Accounting and co-constructing: the development of a standard for electronic health records. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 20, 6 (2011), 473."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Zhou X.","year":"2061","unstructured":"X. Zhou, M. S. Ackerman, and K. Zheng. 2009. I just don't know why it's gone: maintaining informal information use in inpatient care. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Boston, MA, 2061--2070."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM","author":"Zhou X.","unstructured":"X. Zhou, M. Ackerman, and K. Zheng. 2011. CPOE workarounds, boundary objects, and assemblages. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Vancouver, BC, 3353--3362."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","volume-title":"A review of 25 years of CSCW research in healthcare: contributions, challenges and future agendas. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 22, 4--6","author":"Fitzpatrick G.","year":"2013","unstructured":"G. Fitzpatrick and G. Ellingsen. A review of 25 years of CSCW research in healthcare: contributions, challenges and future agendas. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 22, 4--6 (2013), 609--665."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2011.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: the nature of patient care information system-related errors","volume":"11","author":"Ash J. S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"J. S. Ash, M. Berg, and E. Coiera. Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: the nature of patient care information system-related errors. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11, 2 (2004), 104--112.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Critical aspects of emergency department documentation and communication","volume":"27","author":"Kenneth T. Y.","year":"2009","unstructured":"T. Y. Kenneth and R. A. Green. Critical aspects of emergency department documentation and communication. Emergency Medicine Clinics, 27, 4 (2009), 641--654.","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Clinics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jen.2014.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mobile wireless monitoring system for prehospital emergency care","author":"Koceska N.","year":"2019","unstructured":"N. Koceska, R. Komadina, M. Simjanoska, B. Koteska, A. Strahovnik, A. Jo?t, A. Madevska-Bogdanova, V. Trajkovik, J. F. Tasi?, and J. Trontelj. Mobile wireless monitoring system for prehospital emergency care. European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, (2019), 1--8.","journal-title":"European Journal of Trauma and Emergency Surgery, ("},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"2006 Pervasive Health Conference and Workshops. IEEE","author":"Kramp G.","unstructured":"G. Kramp, M. Kristensen, and J. F. Pedersen. 2006. Physical and digital design of the BlueBio biomonitoring system prototype, to be used in emergency medical response. In 2006 Pervasive Health Conference and Workshops. IEEE, Innsbruck, Austria, 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","first-page":"328","article-title":"The digital pen and paper technology: implementation and use in an existing clinical information system","volume":"116","author":"Despont-Gros C.","year":"2005","unstructured":"C. Despont-Gros, C. B?uf, A. Geissbuhler, and C. Lovis. The digital pen and paper technology: implementation and use in an existing clinical information system. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 116 (2005), 328--333.","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association","author":"Yen P.-Y.","unstructured":"P.-Y. Yen and P. N. Gorman. 2005. Usability testing of a digital pen and paper system in nursing documentation. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association, Washington, DC, 844."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association","author":"Dykes P. C.","unstructured":"P. C. Dykes, A. Benoit, F. Chang, J. Gallagher, Q. Li, C. Spurr, E. J. McGrath, S. M. Kilroy, and M. Prater. 2006. The feasibility of digital pen and paper technology for vital sign data capture in acute care settings. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association, Washington, DC, 229."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops. IEEE","author":"Sarcevic A.","unstructured":"A. Sarcevic, N. Weibel, J. D. Hollan, and R. S. Burd. 2012. A paper-digital interface for information capture and display in time-critical medical work. In 2012 6th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare (PervasiveHealth) and Workshops. IEEE, San Diego, CA, 17--24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/967900.968215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers. IEEE","author":"Noma H.","unstructured":"H. Noma, A. Ohmura, N. Kuwahara, and K. Kogure. 2004. Wearable sensors for auto-event-recording on medical nursing-user study of ergonomic design. In Eighth International Symposium on Wearable Computers. IEEE, Washington, DC, 8--15."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Jonas A. Hannig C. Spreckelsen and T. M. Deserno. 2014. Wearable technology as a booster of clinical care. In Medical Imaging 2014: PACS and Imaging Informatics: Next Generation and Innovations. International Society for Optics and Photonics 90390F.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2042986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-150910"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.109-4607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121179"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International SenseCam & Pervasive Imaging Conference. ACM","author":"Doherty A.","unstructured":"A. Doherty, W. Williamson, M. Hillsdon, S. Hodges, C. Foster, and P. Kelly. 2013. Influencing health-related behaviour with wearable cameras: strategies & ethical considerations. In Proceedings of the 4th International SenseCam & Pervasive Imaging Conference. ACM, New York, NY, 60--67."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2014.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350616646477"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002307"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.3225"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","volume-title":"2016 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID). IEEE","author":"Li X.","unstructured":"X. Li, D. Yao, X. Pan, J. Johannaman, J. Yang, R. Webman, A. Sarcevic, I. Marsic, and R. S. Burd. 2016. Activity recognition for medical teamwork based on passive RFID. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on RFID (RFID). IEEE, Guangdong, China, 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429459542-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM","author":"Wilson S.","unstructured":"S. Wilson, J. Galliers, and J. Fone. 2006. Not all sharing is equal: the impact of a large display on small group collaborative work. In Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. ACM, Alberta, Canada, 25--28."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Emergency department status boards: user-evolved artefacts for inter-and intra-group coordination. Cognition","volume":"9","author":"Wears R. L.","year":"2007","unstructured":"R. L. Wears, S. J. Perry, S. Wilson, J. Galliers, and J. Fone. Emergency department status boards: user-evolved artefacts for inter-and intra-group coordination. Cognition, Technology & Work, 9, 3 (2007), 163--170.","journal-title":"Technology & Work"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","volume-title":"A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. New England journal of medicine, 360, 5","author":"Haynes A. B.","year":"2009","unstructured":"A. B. Haynes, T. G. Weiser, W. R. Berry, S. R. Lipsitz, A.-H. S. Breizat, E. P. Dellinger, T. Herbosa, S. Joseph, P. L. Kibatala, and M. C. M. Lapitan. A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. New England journal of medicine, 360, 5 (2009), 491--499."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","volume-title":"AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association","author":"Sarcevic A.","unstructured":"A. Sarcevic, Z. Zhang, I. Marsic, and R. S. Burd. 2016. Checklist as a memory externalization tool during a critical care process. In AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings. American Medical Informatics Association, Chicago, IL, 1080."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Supporting Group Work. ACM","author":"Zhang Z.","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, A. Sarcevic, M. Yala, and R. S. Burd. 2014. Informing digital cognitive aids design for emergency medical work by understanding paper checklist use. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Supporting Group Work. ACM, Sanibel Island, FL, 204--214."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","volume-title":"Simulating Teamwork for Better Decision Making in Pediatric Emergency Medical Services. In American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium (AMIA), Virtual, 993--1002","author":"Ozkaynak M.","unstructured":"M. Ozkaynak, C. Dolen, Y. Dollin, Kathryn, Rappaport, and K. Adelgais. 2020. Simulating Teamwork for Better Decision Making in Pediatric Emergency Medical Services. In American Medical Informatics Association Annual Symposium (AMIA), Virtual, 993--1002."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61440-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Surgical Safety Checklist compliance: a job done poorly! Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 217, 5","author":"Sparks E. A.","year":"2013","unstructured":"E. A. Sparks, H. Wehbe-Janek, R. L. Johnson, W. R. Smythe, and H. T. Papaconstantinou. Surgical Safety Checklist compliance: a job done poorly! Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 217, 5 (2013), 867--873. e863."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60584-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000213054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"A standardized patient handover process: Perceptions and functioning","volume":"15","author":"Aase K.","year":"2011","unstructured":"K. Aase, E. Soeyland, and B. Hansen. A standardized patient handover process: Perceptions and functioning. Safety Science Monitor, 15, 2 (2011), 1--9.","journal-title":"Safety Science Monitor"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2011.110203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12553-013-0064-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/135763303322196277"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/jamia.M1532"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-020-01556-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2015.21.3.196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/HSN-2000-177"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2019.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"The doctor can see you now: A key stakeholder study into the acceptability of ambulance based telemedicine","volume":"111","author":"Gilligan P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"P. Gilligan, A. Bennett, A. Houlihan, A. Padki, N. Owens, D. Morris, I. Chochliouros, A. Mohammed, A. Mutawa, and M. Eswararaj. The doctor can see you now: A key stakeholder study into the acceptability of ambulance based telemedicine. Irish Medical Journal, 111, 6 (2018), 769.","journal-title":"Irish Medical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110043"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","volume-title":"Development and Evaluation of a User-Centered Mobile Telestroke Platform. Telemedicine and e-Health, 25, 7","author":"Chapman Smith S. N.","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. N. Chapman Smith, P. C. Brown, K. H. Waits, J. S. Wong, M. S. Bhatti, Q. Toqeer, J. V. Ricks, M. L. Stockner, T. Habtamu, and J. Seelam. Development and Evaluation of a User-Centered Mobile Telestroke Platform. Telemedicine and e-Health, 25, 7 (2019), 638--648."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","volume-title":"A systematic review of the implementation challenges of telemedicine systems in ambulances. Telemedicine and e-Health, 23, 9","author":"Rogers H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"H. Rogers, K. C. Madathil, S. Agnisarman, S. Narasimha, A. Ashok, A. Nair, B. M. Welch, and J. T. McElligott. A systematic review of the implementation challenges of telemedicine systems in ambulances. Telemedicine and e-Health, 23, 9 (2017), 707--717."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jiscrm.2009040101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijim.v12i2.8118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_130_1","volume-title":"2017 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE). IEEE","author":"Wu X.","unstructured":"X. Wu, R. Dunne, Z. Yu, and W. Shi. 2017. STREMS: A smart real-time solution toward enhancing EMS prehospital quality. In 2017 IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Connected Health: Applications, Systems and Engineering Technologies (CHASE). IEEE, Philadelphia, PA, 365--372."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_131_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM","author":"Bergstrand F.","unstructured":"F. Bergstrand and J. Landgren. 2011. Visual reporting in time-critical work: exploring video use in emergency response. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services. ACM, Stockholm, Sweden, 415--424."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_132_1","first-page":"901","volume":"216","author":"Klein G. O.","year":"2015","unstructured":"G. O. Klein and K. Singh. Smart Glasses--A New Tool in Medicine. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 216 (2015), 901--901.","journal-title":"Smart Glasses--A New Tool in Medicine. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_133_1","volume-title":"3rd International Forum on Applied Wearable Computing. VDE","author":"Carlsson V.","unstructured":"V. Carlsson, T. Klug, T. Ziegert, and A. Zinnen. 2006. Wearable computers in clinical ward rounds. In 3rd International Forum on Applied Wearable Computing. VDE, Bremen, Germany, 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.07.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1553350615597085"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_137_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Digital transformation in health care: Augmented reality for hands-free service innovation","volume":"22","author":"Klinker K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"K. Klinker, M. Wiesche, and H. Krcmar. Digital transformation in health care: Augmented reality for hands-free service innovation. Information Systems Frontiers, 22, 6 (2019), 1419--1431.","journal-title":"Information Systems Frontiers"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_138_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0420-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_139_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.358947"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_140_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Emerging technology in surgical education: combining real-time augmented reality and wearable computing devices","volume":"37","author":"Ponce B. A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"B. A. Ponce, M. E. Menendez, L. O. Oladeji, C. T. Fryberger, and P. K. Dantuluri. Emerging technology in surgical education: combining real-time augmented reality and wearable computing devices. Orthopedics, 37, 11 (2014), 751--757.","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_141_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_142_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2009.090504"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_143_1","first-page":"03","article-title":"Towards semantic interoperability for electronic health records","volume":"46","author":"Garde S.","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. Garde, P. Knaup, E. J. Hovenga, and S. Heard. Towards semantic interoperability for electronic health records. Methods of Information in Medicine, 46, 03 (2007), 332--343.","journal-title":"Methods of Information in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_144_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2009.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_145_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/183335830903800202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_146_1","volume-title":"Infrastructuring in healthcare through the openEHR architecture. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 26, 1--2","author":"Ulriksen G.-H.","year":"2017","unstructured":"G.-H. Ulriksen, R. Pedersen, and G. Ellingsen. Infrastructuring in healthcare through the openEHR architecture. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 26, 1--2 (2017), 33--69."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_147_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2004.12.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_148_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjqs.2010.040238"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_149_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0325-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_150_1","volume-title":"7th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE","author":"Backlund P.","unstructured":"P. Backlund, H. Engstrom, M. Johannesson, M. Lebram, M. A. Hagiwara, and H. M. Soderholm. 2015. Enhancing immersion with contextualized scenarios: role-playing in prehospital care training. In 7th International Conference on Games and Virtual Worlds for Serious Applications (VS-Games). IEEE, Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden, 1--4."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_151_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer","author":"Alenljung B.","unstructured":"B. Alenljung and H. M. S\u00f6derholm. 2015. Designing Simulation-Based Training for Prehospital Emergency Care: Participation from a Participant Perspective. In International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Springer, Los Angeles, CA, 297--306."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_152_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Research challenges in prehospital care: the need for a simulation-based prehospital research laboratory","volume":"4","author":"S\u00f6derholm H. M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"H. M. S\u00f6derholm, H. Andersson, M. A. Hagiwara, P. Backlund, J. Bergman, L. Lundberg, and B. A. Sj\u00f6qvist. Research challenges in prehospital care: the need for a simulation-based prehospital research laboratory. Advances in Simulation, 4, 1 (2019), 1--6.","journal-title":"Advances in Simulation"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3479500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3479500","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3479500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:55:11Z","timestamp":1752468911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3479500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3479500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3479500","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}