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We study some commonly used measurement instruments that capture cultural dimensions at an individual level and conduct \"measurement invariance tests,\" which test whether the questions comprising a construct have similar characteristics across different groups (e.g., countries). We find that these cultural dimensions are, to some extent, non-invariant, making statistical comparisons between countries problematic. Furthermore, we study the (non)invariance of the causal relationship between these cultural dimensions and privacy-related constructs, e.g., privacy concern and the amount of information users share on social media. Our results suggest that in several instances, these cultural dimensions have a different effect on privacy-related constructs per country. This severely reduces their usefulness for developing cross-cultural arguments in cross-country studies. We discuss the value of conducting measurement and causal non-invariance tests and urge scholars to develop more robust means of measuring culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3479522","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T02:32:07Z","timestamp":1634610727000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Difficulties of Measuring Culture in Privacy Studies"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Reza","family":"Ghaiumy Anaraky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Knijnenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alessandro Acquisti Laura Brandimarte and George Loewenstein. 2015. 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