{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:19:32Z","timestamp":1760710772042,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1920529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1920529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>While studies have shown that graduates from elite universities enjoy high employment rates, they do not tell the story of how students from different social class backgrounds experience the hiring process. We address this question by interviewing upper-middle-class (UMC) and working- and middle-class (WMC) Computer Science Ph.D. students at prestigious universities who are applying for lucrative internships at established technology companies. We find that while these students are aware of and have access to the \"same\" resources (e.g., social connections and insider knowledge about employers' expectations), the tactics they use to act on these resources and their emotional experience of the hiring process vary along social class lines. In short, the class-based norms of UMC applicants align with those of employers. The majority of WMC applicants, however, discuss experiencing tension between their class-based norms and employers' dominant values. In contrast to their UMC counterparts, these applicants report spending substantial amounts of time preparing for the hiring process and describe the hiring process as emotionally draining. This research provides insight into the emotional burdens facing even the most privileged WMC applicants. Our findings also have implications for how organizations should take into account social class backgrounds in their hiring practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3479536","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T02:32:07Z","timestamp":1634610727000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Playing the Hiring Game: Class-Based Emotional Experiences and Tactics in Elite Hiring"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Phoebe K.","family":"Chua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Hillary","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Mazmanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Building an inclusive culture. About Amazon. Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amazon. 2019. Building an inclusive culture. About Amazon. Retrieved January 3, 2020 from https:\/\/www.aboutamazon.com\/working-at-amazon\/diversity-and-inclusion\/building-an-inclusive-culture","key":"e_1_2_1_1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Doctoral degree prestige and the academic marketplace: A study of career mobility within the management discipline","volume":"9","author":"Bedeian Arthur G","year":"2010","unstructured":"Arthur G Bedeian, David E Cavazos, James G Hunt, and Lawrence R Jauch. 2010. Doctoral degree prestige and the academic marketplace: A study of career mobility within the management discipline. Academy of Management Learning & Education 9, 1 (2010), 11--25.","journal-title":"Academy of Management Learning & Education"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahnaz Behroozi Alison Lui Ian Moore Denae Ford and Chris Parnin. 2018. Dazed: measuring the cognitive load of solving technical interview problems at the whiteboard. 93--96.","key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3183399.3183415"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Debugging Hiring: What Went Right and What Went Wrong in the Technical Interview Process.","author":"Behroozi Mahnaz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahnaz Behroozi, Shivani Shirolkar, Titus Barik, and Chris Parnin. 2020. Debugging Hiring: What Went Right and What Went Wrong in the Technical Interview Process."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0038040715610883"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2005.06.006"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2014.2054"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"The social sources of educational credentialism: Status cultures, labor markets, and organizations. Sociology of education","author":"Brown David K","year":"2001","unstructured":"David K Brown. 2001. The social sources of educational credentialism: Status cultures, labor markets, and organizations. Sociology of education (2001), 19--34."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0003122414546931"},{"volume-title":"Negotiating opportunities: How the middle class secures advantages in school","author":"McCrory Calarco Jessica","unstructured":"Jessica McCrory Calarco. 2018. Negotiating opportunities: How the middle class secures advantages in school. Oxford University Press.","key":"e_1_2_1_11_1"},{"volume-title":"A Field Guide to Grad School: Uncovering the Hidden Curriculum","author":"McCrory Calarco Jessica","unstructured":"Jessica McCrory Calarco. 2020. A Field Guide to Grad School: Uncovering the Hidden Curriculum. Princeton University Press.","key":"e_1_2_1_12_1"},{"volume-title":"Keepin'it real: School success beyond Black and White","author":"Carter Prudence L","unstructured":"Prudence L Carter. 2005. Keepin'it real: School success beyond Black and White. Oxford University Press.","key":"e_1_2_1_13_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3415214"},{"volume-title":"On intersectionality: Essential writings","author":"Crenshaw Kimberl\u00e9 W","unstructured":"Kimberl\u00e9 W Crenshaw. 2017. On intersectionality: Essential writings. The New Press.","key":"e_1_2_1_15_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023119859711"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557123"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawanna R Dillahunt Vaishnav Kameswaran Linfeng Li and Tanya Rosenblat. 2017. Uncovering the values and constraints of real-time ridesharing for low-resource populations. ACM 2757--2769.","key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025470"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300808"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tawanna R Dillahunt and Amelia R Malone. 2015. The promise of the sharing economy among disadvantaged communities. ACM 2285--2294.","key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702189"},{"volume-title":"Workplace by Facebook. Workplace by Facebook. Retrieved","year":"2018","unstructured":"Facebook. 2018. Workplace by Facebook. Workplace by Facebook. Retrieved May 1, 2018 from https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/workplace","key":"e_1_2_1_21_1"},{"unstructured":"Facebook. 2019. Facebook 2019 Diversity Report: Advancing Diversity and Inclusion. Facebook Newsroom. Retrieved September 19 2019 from https:\/\/newsroom.fb.com\/news\/2019\/07\/2019-diversity-report\/","key":"e_1_2_1_22_1"},{"volume-title":"Official Google Blog. Retrieved","year":"2014","unstructured":"Google. 2014. You don't know what you don't know: How our unconscious minds undermine the workplace. Official Google Blog. Retrieved September 18, 2019 from https:\/\/googleblog.blogspot.com\/2014\/09\/you-dont-know-what-you-dont-know-how.html","key":"e_1_2_1_23_1"},{"volume-title":"Google Diversity. Retrieved","year":"2019","unstructured":"Google. 2019. Google Diversity Report 2019. Google Diversity. Retrieved September 19, 2019 from https:\/\/diversity.google\/annual-report\/","key":"e_1_2_1_24_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","DOI":"10.1002\/job.788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGMIS Conference on Computers and People Research, 64--69","author":"Jr Phillip Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Phillip Hall Jr and Kinnis Gosha. 2018. The Effects of Anxiety and Preparation on Performance in Technical Interviews for HBCU Computer Science Majors. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGMIS Conference on Computers and People Research, 64--69."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3083671.3083680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street","author":"Ho Karen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karen Ho. 2009. Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street. Duke University Press."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3274339"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173596"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3274340"},{"volume-title":"The privileged poor: How elite colleges are failing disadvantaged students","author":"Jack Anthony Abraham","unstructured":"Anthony Abraham Jack. 2019. The privileged poor: How elite colleges are failing disadvantaged students. Harvard University Press.","key":"e_1_2_1_32_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School","author":"Khan Shamus Rahman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shamus Rahman Khan. 2010. Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The economic pay-off of prestigious colleges. The high status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification","author":"Kingston Paul W","year":"1990","unstructured":"Paul W Kingston and John C Smart. 1990. The economic pay-off of prestigious colleges. The high status track: Studies of elite schools and stratification (1990), 147--174."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","DOI":"10.1177\/0001839215616840"},{"volume-title":"How professors think: inside the curious world of academic judgment","author":"Lamont Mich\u00e8le","unstructured":"Mich\u00e8le Lamont. 2009. How professors think: inside the curious world of academic judgment. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.","key":"e_1_2_1_36_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life","author":"Lareau Annette","year":"2003","unstructured":"Annette Lareau. 2003. Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. University of California Press."},{"unstructured":"Gayle Laakmann McDowell. 2019. Cracking the coding interview: 189 programming questions and solutions. CareerCup.","key":"e_1_2_1_38_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300315"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Reflections of African-American women on their careers in urban policing. Their experiences of racial and sexual discrimination. international Journal of the Sociology of law 28, 4","author":"Pogrebin Mark","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mark Pogrebin, Mary Dodge, and Harold Chatman. 2000. Reflections of African-American women on their careers in urban policing. Their experiences of racial and sexual discrimination. international Journal of the Sociology of law 28, 4 (2000), 311--326."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rssm.2010.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs","author":"Rivera Lauren A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lauren A. Rivera. 2016. Pedigree: How Elite Students Get Elite Jobs. Princeton University Press."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025766"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213--115143"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1573--7861.2009.01140.x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10755-011--9204-x"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173622"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753520"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","DOI":"10.1145\/2207676.2208686"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3479536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3479536","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3479536","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T05:01:16Z","timestamp":1752469276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3479536"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3479536"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3479536","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2573-0142"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}