{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T18:27:54Z","timestamp":1776104874994,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"CSCW2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":370,"URL":"http:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IIS-1816319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIS-1816319"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Today, teachers have been increasingly relying on data-driven technologies to track and monitor student behavior data for classroom management. Drawing insights from interviews with 20 K--8 teachers, in this paper we unpack how teachers enacted both care and control through their data work in collecting, interpreting, and using student behavior data. In this process, teachers found themselves subject to surveilling gazes from parents, school administrators, and students. As a result, teachers had to manipulate the student behavior data to navigate the balance between presenting a professional image to surveillants and enacting care\/control that they deemed appropriate. In this paper we locate two nuanced forms of teachers' data work that have been under-studied in CSCW: (1) data work as recontextualizing meanings and (2) data work as resisting surveillance. We discuss teachers' struggle over (in)visibility and their negotiation of autonomy and subjectivity in these two forms of data work. We highlight the importance of foregrounding and making space for informal data workers' (in our case, teachers') resistance and negotiation of autonomy in light of datafication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3479596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T02:32:07Z","timestamp":1634610727000},"page":"1-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Data Work in Education: Enacting and Negotiating Care and Control in Teachers' Use of Data-Driven Classroom Surveillance Technology"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Alex Jiahong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Tawanna R.","family":"Dillahunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]},{"given":"Mark S.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0142569950160102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Sandra Acker. 1999. Realities of teachers' work: Never a dull moment. A&C Black."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2020.1686014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Martin Ashley and John Lee. 2003. Women teaching boys: Caring and working in the primary school. Trentham."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0268093022000043065"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Care of the self, resistance and subjectivity under neoliberal governmentalities. Critical studies in education 54, 1","author":"Ball Stephen J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stephen J Ball and Antonio Olmedo. 2013. Care of the self, resistance and subjectivity under neoliberal governmentalities. Critical studies in education 54, 1 (2013), 85--96."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Baron Jessica","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jessica Baron. 2019. Classroom Technology Is Indoctrinating Students Into A Culture Of Surveillance. Forbes (29 Jan 2019). Retrieved August 14, 2020 from https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/jessicabaron\/2019\/01\/29\/classroom-technologyis- indoctrinating-students-into-a-culture-of-surveillance\/#5e982d2b3320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Rethinking accountability in education: how should who hold whom accountable for what? In Strategies for Public Management Reform","author":"Behn Robert D","unstructured":"Robert D Behn. 2004. Rethinking accountability in education: how should who hold whom accountable for what? In Strategies for Public Management Reform. Emerald Group Publishing Limited."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376568"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3415200"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987107081254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025694"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2145204.2145341"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claus Bossen Kathleen H Pine Federico Cabitza Gunnar Ellingsen and Enrico Maria Piras. 2019. Data work in healthcare: An Introduction.","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458219864730"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, communication & society 15, 5","author":"Crawford Kate","year":"2012","unstructured":"danah boyd and Kate Crawford. 2012. Critical questions for big data: Provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Information, communication & society 15, 5 (2012), 662--679."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virginia Braun and Victoria Clarke. 2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3 2 77--101.","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2159676X.2019.1628806"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Personalized learning: The conversations we're not having","author":"Bulger Monica","year":"2016","unstructured":"Monica Bulger. 2016. Personalized learning: The conversations we're not having. Data and Society 22 (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"ClassDojo. 2020. Fun Facts. ClassDojo (2020). Retrieved March 27, 2021 from https:\/\/www.classdojo.com\/press\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23265507.2015.1074870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5590\/JERAP.2016.06.1.04"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Matters of care in technoscience: Assembling neglected things. Social studies of science 41, 1","author":"de La Bellacasa Maria Puig","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maria Puig de La Bellacasa. 2011. Matters of care in technoscience: Assembling neglected things. Social studies of science 41, 1 (2011), 85--106."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Managing professional identities. Knowledge, performativity and the \"new' professional, Mike Dent and Stephen Whiteboard (Eds.).","author":"Dent Mike","unstructured":"Mike Dent and Stephen Whiteboard. 2002. Introduction. Configuring the ?new' professional. In Managing professional identities. Knowledge, performativity and the \"new' professional, Mike Dent and Stephen Whiteboard (Eds.). London: Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Impacts of the digital ocean on education","author":"DiCerbo Kristen E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kristen E DiCerbo, John T Behrens, and Michael Barber. 2014. Impacts of the digital ocean on education. London: Pearson. Retrieved September 1 (2014), 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Data feminism","author":"D'Ignazio Catherine","unstructured":"Catherine D'Ignazio and Lauren F Klein. 2020. Data feminism. MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Teacher evaluation for accountability and development. Handbook of research in education finance and policy","author":"Donaldson Morgaen L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Morgaen L Donaldson and John P Papay. 2015. Teacher evaluation for accountability and development. Handbook of research in education finance and policy (2015), 174--193."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2016","unstructured":"EdSurge. 2016. ClassDojo Opens Up to Principals and School Leaders. EdSurge (29 Mar 2016). Retrieved July 30, 2020 from https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/news\/2016-03--29-classdojo-opens-up-to-principals-and-school-leaders"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","year":"2020","unstructured":"EdSurge. 2020. Review of ClassDojo. EdSurge (2020). Retrieved July 27, 2020 from https:\/\/www.edsurge.com\/productreviews\/classdojo"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/11672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540250500145114"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Erving Goffman. 1978. The presentation of self in everyday life. Harmondsworth London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444316568.wiem02057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300688"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist studies 14, 3","author":"Haraway Donna","year":"1988","unstructured":"Donna Haraway. 1988. Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist studies 14, 3 (1988), 575--599."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/595665"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290607.3312943"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2470654.2470742"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2019.1573833"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016146811511700405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134739"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359215"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Big Data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts. Big data & society 1, 1","author":"Kitchin Rob","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rob Kitchin. 2014. Big Data, new epistemologies and paradigm shifts. Big data & society 1, 1 (2014), 2053951714528481."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Handbook of learning analytics. SOLAR","author":"Lang Charles","unstructured":"Charles Lang, George Siemens, Alyssa Wise, and Dragan Gasevic. 2017. Handbook of learning analytics. SOLAR, Society for Learning Analytics and Research New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3461778.3462084"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3392835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Digital sociology","author":"Lupton Deborah","unstructured":"Deborah Lupton. 2015. Digital sociology. Routledge London."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444816686328"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10606-006-9036-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Building educators' data literacy: Differing perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Mandinach Ellen B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ellen B Mandinach and Edith S Gummer. 2013. Building educators' data literacy: Differing perspectives. The Journal of Educational Research & Policy Studies 13, 2 (2013), 1--5.","journal-title":"The Journal of Educational Research & Policy Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2018.1558237"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312715602073"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"ClassDojo's second act comes with first profits. TechCrunch (26","author":"Mascarenhas Natasha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Natasha Mascarenhas. 2021. ClassDojo's second act comes with first profits. TechCrunch (26 Jan 2021). Retrieved April 4, 2021 from https:\/\/techcrunch.com\/2021\/01\/26\/classdojos-second-act-comes-with-first-profits\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002248719104200304"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359144"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice","author":"Mol Annemarie","unstructured":"Annemarie Mol. 2002. The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300356"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Fidelity in teaching, teacher education, and research for teaching. Harvard educational review 56, 4","author":"Noddings Nel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Nel Noddings. 1986. Fidelity in teaching, teacher education, and research for teaching. Harvard educational review 56, 4 (1986), 496--511."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520957343"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"The challenge to care in schools","author":"Noddings Nel","unstructured":"Nel Noddings. 2015. The challenge to care in schools, 2nd Editon. Teachers College Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Varied and bespoke needs of caregivers: Organizing and communicating diabetes care for children in era of DIY","author":"O'Kane Aisling Ann","unstructured":"Aisling Ann O'Kane, Yi Han, and R Arriaga. 2016. Varied and bespoke needs of caregivers: Organizing and communicating diabetes care for children in era of DIY. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","unstructured":"Cathy O'neil. 2016. Weapons of math destruction: How big data increases inequality and threatens democracy. Crown."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2998181.2998331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Care, performance and performativity: Portraits of teachers' lived experiences. Education as Change 16, 1","author":"Perold Mariechen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mariechen Perold, Marietjie Oswald, and Estelle Swart. 2012. Care, performance and performativity: Portraits of teachers' lived experiences. Education as Change 16, 1 (2012), 113--127."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3272973.3273017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Scholarship on the other side: Power and caring in feminist education. NWSA Journal","author":"Ropers-Huilman Becky","year":"1999","unstructured":"Becky Ropers-Huilman. 1999. Scholarship on the other side: Power and caring in feminist education. NWSA Journal (1999), 118--135."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00752449"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1620545.1620548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","first-page":"n1","article-title":"Resistance to Change among Veteran Teachers: Providing Voice for More Effective Engagement","volume":"12","author":"Snyder Richard R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richard R Snyder. 2017. Resistance to Change among Veteran Teachers: Providing Voice for More Effective Engagement. International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation 12, 1 (2017), n1.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Leadership Preparation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3329189.3329201"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Institutional ecology,translations' and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology","author":"Star Susan Leigh","year":"1907","unstructured":"Susan Leigh Star and James R Griesemer. 1989. Institutional ecology,translations' and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley's Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907--39. Social studies of science 19, 3 (1989), 387--420."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"Layers of silence, arenas of voice: The ecology of visible and invisible work. Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) 8, 1--2","author":"Star Susan Leigh","year":"1999","unstructured":"Susan Leigh Star and Anselm Strauss. 1999. Layers of silence, arenas of voice: The ecology of visible and invisible work. Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) 8, 1--2 (1999), 9--30."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Work and the division of labor. Sociological quarterly 26, 1","author":"Strauss Anselm","year":"1985","unstructured":"Anselm Strauss. 1985. Work and the division of labor. Sociological quarterly 26, 1 (1985), 1--19."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1988.tb01249.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/223248.223263"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002248718403500608"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858110"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2702123.2702522"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care","author":"Tronto Joan C","unstructured":"Joan C Tronto. 1993. Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Psychology Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"National Center for Education Statistics. U.S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"National Center for Education Statistics. U.S. Department of Education. 2019. Digest of Education Statistics: 2018. (2019). Retrieved August 24, 2020 from https:\/\/nces.ed.gov\/programs\/digest\/d18\/foreword.asp"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"dataism and dataveillance: Big Data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance & society 12, 2","author":"Dijck Jos\u00e9 Van","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jos\u00e9 Van Dijck. 2014. Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big Data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance & society 12, 2 (2014), 197--208."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3476081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"A caring teacher: Explorations into primary school teachers' professional identity and ethic of care. Gender and education 14, 3","author":"Vogt Franziska","year":"2002","unstructured":"Franziska Vogt. 2002. A caring teacher: Explorations into primary school teachers' professional identity and ethic of care. Gender and education 14, 3 (2002), 251--264."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","volume-title":"Algorithmic skin: health-tracking technologies, personal analytics and the biopedagogies of digitized health and physical education. Sport, education and society 20, 1","author":"Williamson Ben","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ben Williamson. 2015. Algorithmic skin: health-tracking technologies, personal analytics and the biopedagogies of digitized health and physical education. Sport, education and society 20, 1 (2015), 133--151."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2017.1278020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0034523717723389"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","volume-title":"Rethinking Pedagogy for a Digital Age: Principles and Practices of Design (3 ed.)","author":"Williamson Ben","unstructured":"Ben Williamson. 2019. Datafication of education: a critical approach to emerging analytics technologies and practices. In Rethinking Pedagogy for a Digital Age: Principles and Practices of Design (3 ed.), Helen Beetham and Rhona Sharpe (Eds.). Routledge."}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3479596","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3479596","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3479596","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T04:59:09Z","timestamp":1752469149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3479596"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"CSCW2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3479596"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3479596","relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-0142"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-0142","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-10-18","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}