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However, most of the methods used for tracing the execution require code instrumentation and change essential properties of the observed system. Methods that are non-intrusive are typically not applicable in a distributed fashion due to a lack of time synchronization or necessary hardware\/software support. In this article, we present a tracing system for validating time-critical software running on multiple distributed wireless devices that does not require code instrumentation, is non-intrusive and is designed to trace the distributed state of an entire network. For this purpose, we make use of the on-chip debug and trace hardware that is part of most modern microcontrollers. We introduce a testbed architecture as well as models and methods that accurately synchronize the timestamps of observations collected by distributed observers. In a case study, we demonstrate how the tracing system can be applied to observe the distributed state of a flooding-based low-power communication protocol for wireless sensor networks. The presented non-intrusive tracing system is implemented as a service of the publicly accessible open source FlockLab\u00a02 testbed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3480248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T17:26:03Z","timestamp":1635355563000},"page":"1-31","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Non-Intrusive Distributed Tracing of Wireless IoT Devices with the FlockLab\u00a02 Testbed"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6355-2051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roman","family":"Tr\u00fcb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1591-4978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reto","family":"Da Forno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Daschinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1495-3780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Biri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0879-2455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Beutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6139-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lothar","family":"Thiele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ETH Zurich, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WF-IoT.2015.7389098"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference","author":"Akhoury Akshit","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akshit Akhoury, Krishna Birla, Rohit Sarkar, Arun Ravi, Shaleen Kalsi, and Subhojit Ghorai. 2019. 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