{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T19:27:40Z","timestamp":1769196460519,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017142","name":"Italian National Group for Scientific Computation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017142","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"\u201cProgetto di Eccellenza\u201d of the Computer Science Dept., Univ. of Verona, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J. Comput. Cult. Herit."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The interpretation process is one of the main tasks performed by archaeologists who, starting from ground data about evidences and findings, incrementally derive knowledge about ancient objects or events. Very often more than one archaeologist contributes in different time instants to discover details about the same finding and thus, it is important to keep track of history and provenance of the overall knowledge discovery process. To this aim, we propose a model and a set of derivation rules for tracking and refining data provenance during the archaeological interpretation process. In particular, among all the possible interpretation activities, we concentrate on the one concerning the dating that archaeologists perform to assign one or more time intervals to a finding to define its lifespan on the temporal axis. In this context, we propose a framework to represent and derive updated provenance data about temporal information after the mentioned derivation process. Archaeological data, and in particular their temporal dimension, are typically vague, since many different interpretations can coexist, thus, we will use Fuzzy Logic to assign a degree of confidence to values and Fuzzy Temporal Constraint Networks to model relationships between dating of different findings represented as a graph-based dataset. The derivation rules used to infer more precise temporal intervals are enriched to manage also provenance information and their following updates after a derivation step. A MapReduce version of the path consistency algorithm is also proposed to improve the efficiency of the refining process on big graph-based datasets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3480956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,8]],"date-time":"2022-04-08T06:25:06Z","timestamp":1649399106000},"page":"1-32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Tracking Data Provenance of Archaeological Temporal Information in Presence of Uncertainty"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3675-7243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Migliorini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Quintarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Belussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Computer Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"2013. World Wide Web Consortium - PROV-DM: The PROV Data Model. (2013). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.w3.org\/TR\/prov-dm\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358434"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"187","article-title":"Integrating quantitative and qualitative fuzzy temporal constraints","volume":"17","author":"Badaloni S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"S. Badaloni, M. Falda, and M. Giacomin. 2004. Integrating quantitative and qualitative fuzzy temporal constraints. AI Commun. 17, 4 (2004), 187\u2013200.","journal-title":"AI Commun."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1148349.1644645"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Computer Applications & Qualitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA)","author":"Barcel\u00f3 J. A.","year":"2010","unstructured":"J. A. Barcel\u00f3. 2010. Computational intelligence in archaeology. State of the art. In Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Computer Applications & Qualitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA). 11\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Juan Antonio Barcel\u00f3. 2019. Computing archaeological stratigraphies. A state-of-the-art. In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919) . Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"157","article-title":"From Rome, to Verona, to the Agro areas: Roundtrip. An experimentation of interoperability between SITAR, SITAVR and SITAIS","volume":"2017","author":"Basso P.","year":"2017","unstructured":"P. Basso, P. Grossi, B. Bruno, A. Belussi, and S. Migliorini. 2017. From Rome, to Verona, to the Agro areas: Roundtrip. An experimentation of interoperability between SITAR, SITAVR and SITAIS. Archeologia e Calcolatori 2017 (2017), 157\u2013170.","journal-title":"Archeologia e Calcolatori"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4754.2008.00449.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIME.2014.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","volume-title":"Modeling Time in Archaeological Data: The Verona Case Study","author":"Belussi A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"A. Belussi and S. Migliorini. 2014. Modeling Time in Archaeological Data: The Verona Case Study. Technical Report RR 93\/2014. Department of Computer Science, University of Verona. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.di.univr.it\/report."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10472-017-9535-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"235","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 21st Century Archaeology: Concepts, Methods and Tools. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201914)","author":"Belussi Alberto","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alberto Belussi, Sara Migliorini, and Piergiovanna Grossi. 2015. Managing time dimension in the archaeological urban information system of the historical heritage of Rome and Verona. In Proceedings of the 21st Century Archaeology: Concepts, Methods and Tools. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference on Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201914). 235\u2013244. Retrieved from https:\/\/caa2014.sciencesconf.org\/45964\/document."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"A. Belussi S. Migliorini and P. Grossi. 2016. Mapping of the SITAR and NIOBE data models towards the standard CIDOC-CRM \\( _{archeo} \\)  of the ARIADNE project with data transformation into RDF format. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.di.univr.it\/?ent=progetto&id=4578&lang=en."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919)","author":"Bogdanovi\u0107 Igor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Igor Bogdanovi\u0107, Vasiliki Andreaki, Joan A. Barcel\u00f3, Raquel Piqu\u00e9, Xavier Terradas, Antoni Palomo, N\u00faria Morera, and Oriol L\u00f3pez. 2019. Discovering the time of La Draga. In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919). Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44503-X_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3316416.3316418"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919)","author":"Crema Enrico R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Enrico R. Crema and Anne Kandler. 2019. An R package for inferring patterns of social learning from archaeological frequency data. In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919). Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation","author":"Dean Jeffrey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jeffrey Dean and Sanjay Ghemawat. 2004. MapReduce: Simplified data processing on large clusters. In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Operating System Design and Implementation. 137\u2013150."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90006-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919)","author":"Demj\u00e1n Peter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Peter Demj\u00e1n. 2019. Analysing settlement dynamics using statistics based on archaeological theory. In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919). Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02693799108927841"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"A. Felicetti A. Masur A. Kritsotaki G. Hiebel K. May M. Theodoridou M. Doerrand P. Ronzino S. Hermon and W. Schmidle. 2016. Definition of the CRM \\( _{archaeo} \\) . An extension of CIDOC CRM to support archaeological excavation process. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cidoc-crm.org\/crmarchaeo\/ModelVersion\/version-1.4.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919)","author":"Gattiglia Gabriele","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gabriele Gattiglia, Nevio Dubbini, and Francesca Anichini. 2019. Spatio-temporal network analysis applied to Roman Terra Sigillata data. In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919). 77\u201378. Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-72652-6_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","volume-title":"Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy, 2nd ed.","author":"Harris Edward C.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Edward C. Harris. 1989. Principles of Archaeological Stratigraphy, 2nd ed.Academic Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Provenance and Annotation Workshop (IPAW\u201908)","author":"Holland David","year":"2008","unstructured":"David Holland, Uri Braun, Diana Maclean, Kiran-Kumar Muniswamy-Reddy, and Margo Seltzer. 2008. Choosing a data model and query language for provenance. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Provenance and Annotation Workshop (IPAW\u201908). Springer."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"ICOM\/CIDOC CRM Special Interest Group. 2020. Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model version 6.2.2. (2020). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cidoc-crm.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","volume-title":"ISO 19108 Geographic Information \u2013 Temporal Schema","year":"2002","unstructured":"ISO 2002. ISO 19108 Geographic Information \u2013 Temporal Schema. ISO. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/26013.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","volume-title":"ISO 19107 Geographic Information \u2013 Spatial Schema","year":"2019","unstructured":"ISO 2019. ISO 19107 Geographic Information \u2013 Spatial Schema. ISO. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/66175.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2007.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-0465-2_327"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1559\/152304091783786718"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"1202","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201916)","author":"Long Zhiguo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhiguo Long, Michael Sioutis, and Sanjiang Li. 2016. Efficient path consistency algorithm for large qualitative constraint networks. In Proceedings of the 25th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI\u201916). AAAI Press, 1202\u20131208."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(77)90007-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919)","author":"May Keith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keith May, James Stuart Taylor, and Steve Roskams. 2019. When Harris met Allen in the matrix: How can the conceptual modelling of stratigraphic relationships facilitate deeper understanding of archaeological space and time? In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919). Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919)","author":"Mertel Adam","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adam Mertel and David Zb\u00edral. 2019. Early Christian baptisteries: Geocoding, exploring and analysing a spatiotemporal dataset. In Book of Abstracts of the 47th Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA\u201919). 49\u201350. Retrieved from https:\/\/2019.caaconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/25\/2019\/04\/CAA2019_programabstracts_v20190423.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing Techniques for Spatio-temporal Data in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage","author":"Migliorini S.","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Migliorini. 2019. Enhancing CIDOC-CRM models for GeoSPARQL processing with MapReduce. In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computing Techniques for Spatio-temporal Data in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. CEUR-WS, 51\u201365. Retrieved from http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2230\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshops of the EDBT\/ICDT 2020 Joint Conference (CEUR Workshop Proceedings)","volume":"2578","author":"Migliorini Sara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sara Migliorini, Alberto Belussi, and Elisa Quintarelli. 2020. Promoting data provenance tracking in the archaeological interpretation process. In Proceedings of the Workshops of the EDBT\/ICDT 2020 Joint Conference (CEUR Workshop Proceedings), Vol. 2578. CEUR-WS.org. Retrieved from http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2578\/PIE5.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63946-8_52"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3057929"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34222-6_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2452376.2452478"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1294301.1294302"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tgis.12555"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009717525330"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1084805.1084812"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","unstructured":"Richard T. Snodgrass Michael H. Boehlen Christian S. Jensen and Andreas Steiner. 1996. Adding Transaction Time to SQL\/Temporal. change proposal ANSI X3H2-96-502r2 ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC21\/ WG3 DBL MAD-147r2."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","unstructured":"Richard T. Snodgrass Michael H. Boehlen Christian S. Jensen and Andreas Steiner. 1996. Adding Valid Time to SQL\/Temporal. change proposal ANSI X3H2-96-501r2 ISO\/IEC JTC1\/SC21\/ WG3 DBL MAD-146r2."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","unstructured":"Stephen Stead Martin Doerr Christian-Emil Ore Athina Kritsotaki et\u00a0al. 2019. CRM \\( _{inf} \\) : the Argumentation Model. An Extension of CIDOC-CRM to support argumentation. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cidoc-crm.org\/crminf\/ModelVersion\/version-10.1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","first-page":"315","article-title":"On fuzzy temporal constraint networks","volume":"3","author":"V. Lluis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lluis V. and Lluis G.1994. On fuzzy temporal constraint networks. Math. Soft Comput. 3 (1994), 315\u2013334.","journal-title":"Math. Soft Comput."}],"container-title":["Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3480956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3480956","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:23Z","timestamp":1750191503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3480956"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3480956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3480956","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4673","1556-4711"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-4673","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-4711","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}