{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:13:04Z","timestamp":1773414784027,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["61971165, 61922027, 61773295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61971165, 61922027, 61773295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["FRFCU5710050119"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRFCU5710050119"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Face super-resolution (FSR), also known as face hallucination, which is aimed at enhancing the resolution of low-resolution (LR) face images to generate high-resolution face images, is a domain-specific image super-resolution problem. Recently, FSR has received considerable attention and witnessed dazzling advances with the development of deep learning techniques. To date, few summaries of the studies on the deep learning-based FSR are available. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of deep learning-based FSR methods in a systematic manner. First, we summarize the problem formulation of FSR and introduce popular assessment metrics and loss functions. Second, we elaborate on the facial characteristics and popular datasets used in FSR. Third, we roughly categorize existing methods according to the utilization of facial characteristics. In each category, we start with a general description of design principles, present an overview of representative approaches, and then discuss the pros and cons among them. Fourth, we evaluate the performance of some state-of-the-art methods. Fifth, joint FSR and other tasks, and FSR-related applications are roughly introduced. Finally, we envision the prospects of further technological advancement in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3485132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T17:36:59Z","timestamp":1637689019000},"page":"1-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Deep Learning-based Face Super-resolution: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Junjun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"}]},{"given":"Chenyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"}]},{"given":"Xianming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35136-5_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-013-0645-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.03.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5815\/ijigsp.2017.05.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2018.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMTECH.2018.8722416"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2018.6545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/795661.796208"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"C. Liu H. Y. Shum and C. S. Zhang. 2001. A two-step approach to hallucinating faces: Global parametric model and local nonparametric model. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201901) . IEEE I-193\u2013I198."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.811513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2005.848171"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2007.893346"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.2001394"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"P. Innerhofer and T. PockInnerhofer. 2013. A Convex Approach for Image Hallucination . AAPRW."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2012.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2013.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"H. Chang D. Y. Yeung and Y. Xiong. 2004. Super-resolution through neighbor embedding. In Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201904) . IEEE 1\u20138."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2011.2140370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2014.2311320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2717181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2018.2868891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2018.2813163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2920510"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2898752"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","unstructured":"L. Liu C. P. Chen and S. Li. 2020. Hallucinating color face image by learning graph representation in quaternion space. IEEE Trans. Cybern. 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3086595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2007.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2020.2982166"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3390462"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2919431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"H. Liu Z. Ruan P. Zhao F. Shang L. Yang and Y. Liu. Video super resolution based on deep learning: A comprehensive survey. arXiv:2007.12928. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2007.12928."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00561"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58545-7_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01261-8_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00068"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/97.995823"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","unstructured":"Z. Wang E. P. Simoncelli and A. C. Bovik. 2003. Multiscale structural similarity for image quality assessment. In Proceedings of the Asilomar Conference on Signals Systems & Computers . IEEE 1398\u20131402."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2012.2227726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201915)","author":"Simonyan K.","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. Simonyan and A. Zisserman. 2015. Very deep convolutional networks for large-scale image recognition. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR\u201915)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422622"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3305381.3305404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3295222.3295327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.265"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00917"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33712-3_49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00559"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00453"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130513"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2013.132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2017.263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","unstructured":"G. B. Huang M. Mattar T. Berg and E. Learned-Miller. 2007. Labeled Faces in the Wild: A. Database for Studying Face Recognition in Unconstrained Environments. Technical Report 07-49 University of Massachusetts Amherst 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2010.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5244\/C.29.41"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2015.2420374"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS.2017.8272731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","unstructured":"Y. Dong L. Zhen S. Liao and S. Z. Li. 2014. Learning Face Representation from Scratch . arXiv:1411.7923. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1411.7923."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2015.2439281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2888116.2888253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","first-page":"288","volume-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing","author":"Huang W.","year":"2017","unstructured":"W. Huang, Y. Chen, M. Li, and Y. Hui. 2017. Super-resolution reconstruction of face image based on convolution network. In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Springer International Publishing, 288\u2013294."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46654-5_19","volume-title":"Biometric Recognition","author":"Huang D.","year":"2016","unstructured":"D. Huang and H. Liu. 2016. Face hallucination using convolutional neural network with iterative back projection. In Biometric Recognition. Springer International Publishing, 167\u2013175."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.09.079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CRC51253.2020.9253475"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA48937.2020.9248111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3059196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3043093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia (ICME\u201918)","author":"Han L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Han, H. Zhen, G. Jin, and D. Xin. 2018. A noise robust face hallucination framework via cascaded model of deep convolutional networks and manifold learning. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia (ICME\u201918). 1\u20136."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAI.2016.0080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCYB.2018.2889791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.187"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Learning wavelet coefficients for face super-resolution","volume":"37","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Liu, D. Sun, F. Wang, L. K. Pang, and Y. Lai. 2020. Learning wavelet coefficients for face super-resolution. The Visual Computer 37, 7 (2020), 1613\u20131622.","journal-title":"The Visual Computer"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2019.05.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.182"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2016.7552975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","first-page":"3276","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Association of Pattern Recognition (ICPR\u201916)","author":"Feng Z.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z. Feng, J. Lai, X. Xie, D. Yang, and M. Ling. 2016. Face hallucination by deep traversal network. In Proceedings of the International Association of Pattern Recognition (ICPR\u201916). 3276\u20133281."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2017.8296563"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","unstructured":"O. Tuzel Y. Taguchi and J. R. Hershey. 2016. Global-local face upsampling network. arXiv:1603.07235. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1603.07235."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2020.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.3043808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR48806.2021.9412950"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","unstructured":"L. Yang P. Wang Z. Gao S. Wang P. Ren S. Ma and W. Gao. 2020. Implicit subspace prior learning for dual-blind face restoration. arXiv:2010.05508. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2010.05508."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIST49303.2020.9202156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoICT.2019.8835253"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","unstructured":"Z. Chen and Y. Tong. 2017. Face super-resolution through wasserstein GANs. arXiv:1705.02438. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1705.02438."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2018.04.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394171.3413590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2020.3006414"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00295"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Aakerberg K. Nasrollahi and T. B. Moeslund. 2021. Real-world super-resolution of face-images from surveillance cameras. arXiv:2102.03113. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.03113.","DOI":"10.1049\/ipr2.12359"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01231-1_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66415-2_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV45572.2020.9093480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00916"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.00073"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_114_2","article-title":"Face hallucination by attentive sequence optimization with reinforcement learning","volume":"42","author":"Shi Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y. Shi, G. Li, Q. Cao, K. Wang, and L. Lin. 2020. Face hallucination by attentive sequence optimization with reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 42, 11 (2020), 2809\u20132824.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2019.2960586"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3171837.3171921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3304415.3304525"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01172"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2021.3051268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58548-8_44"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46454-1_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP.2018.8462170"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6962"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMM.2020.2984092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01240-3_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_128_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the he British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC\u201919)","author":"Kim D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"D. Kim, M. Kim, G. Kwon, and D. S. Kim. 2019. Progressive Face Super-Resolution via Attention to Facial Landmark. In Proceedings of the he British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC\u201919). BMVA, 1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_129_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME46284.2020.9102926"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME51207.2021.9428256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_131_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME51207.2021.9428152"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_132_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2021.3069554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2018.8451122"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW50498.2020.00260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.106987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.03.124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPR48806.2021.9413117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-021-02236-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_139_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01258-8_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2019.00110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2018.00115"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_143_2","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Semantic face hallucination: Super-resolving very low-resolution face images with supplementary attributes","volume":"42","author":"Yu X.","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Yu, B. Fernando, R. Hartley, and F. Porikli. 2020. Semantic face hallucination: Super-resolving very low-resolution face images with supplementary attributes. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 42, 11 (2020), 2926\u20132943.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33019054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01252-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-36708-4_1","volume-title":"Neural Information Processing","author":"Bayramli B.","year":"2019","unstructured":"B. Bayramli, U. Ali, T. Qi, and H. Lu. 2019. FH-GAN: Face hallucination and recognition using generative adversarial network. In Neural Information Processing. Springer International Publishing, 3\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01154-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2019.8803782"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_150_2","first-page":"4796","volume-title":"IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Vid. Technol.","author":"Cheng X.","year":"2020","unstructured":"X. Cheng, J. Lu, B. Yuan, and J. Zhou. 2020. Identity-preserving face hallucination via deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans. Circ. Syst. Vid. Technol.4796\u20134809."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2945835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_152_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SIBGRAPI.2019.00034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_153_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME51207.2021.9428360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_154_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2021.03.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_155_2","unstructured":"E. Ataer-Cansizoglu M. Jones Z. Zhang and A. Sullivan. 1903. Verification of very low-resolution faces using an identity-preserving deep face super-resolution network. arXiv:1903.10974. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.10974."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2020.2986942"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.713"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2924554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_159_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BTAS46853.2019.9185984"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_161_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-69541-5_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_162_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICTAI.2019.00079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_163_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1179352.1141920"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_164_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.167"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_165_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2013.54"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_166_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FG.2018.00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_167_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2017.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01261-8_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_169_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-01234-2_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_170_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_171_2","unstructured":"L. Yang B. Shao T. Sun S. Ding and X. Zhang. 2018. Hallucinating very low-resolution and obscured face images. arXiv:1811.04645. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1811.04645."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBIOM.2019.2951063"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_173_2","unstructured":"Z. Liu Y. Wu L. Li C. Zhang and B. Wu. 2020. Joint face completion and super-resolution using multi-scale feature relation learning. arXiv:2003.00255. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2003.00255."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_174_2","unstructured":"Y. Zhang X. Yu X. Lu and P. Liu. Pro-uigan: Progressive face hallucination from occluded thumbnails. arXiv:2108.00602. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2108.00602."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_175_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2017.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01148-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_177_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP40776.2020.9053784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_178_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2021.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_179_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICB45273.2019.8987344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME46284.2020.9102816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_182_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3061312","article-title":"Recursive copy and paste GAN: Face hallucination from shaded thumbnails","author":"Zhang Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, I. Tsang, Y. Luo, C. Hu, X. Lu, and X. Yu. 2021. Recursive copy and paste GAN: Face hallucination from shaded thumbnails. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. IEEE, 1\u20131. DOI:10.1109\/TPAMI.2021.3061312.","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_183_2","unstructured":"R. Yasarla H. Joze and V. M. Patel. 2021. Network architecture search for face enhancement. arXiv:2105.06528. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.06528."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_184_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-015-0823-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_185_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-019-01254-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_186_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_187_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2020.3046918"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_188_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2914039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_189_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Tu J. Zhao Q. Liu W. Ai G. Guo Z. Li W. Liu and J. Feng. 2021. Joint face image restoration and frontalization for recognition (unpublished).","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2021.3078517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_190_2","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Communications in Computer and Information Science","author":"Li D.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Li and Z. Wang. 2017. Face video super-resolution with identity guided generative adversarial networks. In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer, Singapore, 357\u2013369."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_191_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC)","author":"Ataer-Cansizoglu E.","year":"2018","unstructured":"E. Ataer-Cansizoglu and M. Jones. 2018. Super-resolution of very low-resolution faces from videos. In Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference (BMVC). BMVA Press, 1\u201313."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_192_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i07.6934"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2019.2955640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_194_2","unstructured":"Y. Gan Y. Luo X. Yu B. Zhang and Y. Yang. 2021. Vidface: A full-transformer solver for video facehallucination with unaligned tiny snapshots. arXiv:2105.14954. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2105.14954."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_195_2","unstructured":"X. Zhang and X. Wu. 2021. Multi-modality deep restoration of extremely compressed face videos. arXiv:2107.05548. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2107.05548."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_196_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_197_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2019.00772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_198_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR42600.2020.00144"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_199_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11744047_30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_200_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33863-2_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_201_2","unstructured":"L. Shu I. Kemelmacher-Shlizerman and L. G. Shapiro. 2014. 3D Face Hallucination from a Single Depth Frame . 31\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_202_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WACV.2017.128"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IJCB52358.2021.9484379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR46437.2021.01212"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW54120.2021.00210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66415-2_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_207_2","unstructured":"A. Aakerberg K. Nasrollahi and T. B. Moeslund. 2021. Real-world super-resolution of face-images from surveillance cameras. 2102.03113. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2102.03113."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Jiang C. Wang X. Liu and J. Ma. 2021. Spectral splitting and aggregation network for hyperspectral face super-resolution. arXiv:2108.13584. Retrieved from https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2108.13584.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW56347.2022.00041"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3485132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3485132","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:35Z","timestamp":1750191515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3485132"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":207,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3485132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485132","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}