{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T16:38:21Z","timestamp":1768408701986,"version":"3.49.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":66,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3485832.3485901","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T13:42:32Z","timestamp":1638798152000},"page":"957-969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Towards Stalkerware Detection with Precise Warnings"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Yufei","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIDRE, INRIA, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin Alejandro","family":"Roundy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norton Research Group, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Acar","family":"Tamersoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norton Research Group, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMLA.2018.00106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Long-term trends in depression among women separated from abusive partners. Violence against women 9, 7","author":"Anderson K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Deborah\u00a0K Anderson, Daniel\u00a0G Saunders, Mieko Yoshihama, Deborah\u00a0I Bybee, and Cris\u00a0M Sullivan. 2003. Long-term trends in depression among women separated from abusive partners. Violence against women 9, 7 (2003), 807\u2013838."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"AV Comparatives. 2020. Stalkerware Test 2020. https:\/\/www.av-comparatives.org\/reports\/android-stalkerware-report-2021\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Avira. 2020. Avira is on the hunt for Stalkerware. https:\/\/www.avira.com\/en\/blog\/on-the-hunt-for-stalkerware."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS47286.2019.9093781"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"O\u2019Reilly Media","author":"Bird Steven","unstructured":"Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper. 2009. Natural language processing with Python: analyzing text with the natural language toolkit. \u201d O\u2019Reilly Media, Inc.\u201d."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3134659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2004.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Intimate Partner Violence in the United States \u2014","author":"Breiding J.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Matthew\u00a0J. Breiding, J. Chen, and M.\u00a0C. Black. 2014. Intimate Partner Violence in the United States \u2014 2010. Technical Report. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Random forests. Machine learning 45, 1","author":"Breiman Leo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Leo Breiman. 2001. Random forests. Machine learning 45, 1 (2001), 5\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Manual on setting up, using, and understanding random forests v3. 1","author":"Breiman Leo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leo Breiman. 2002. Manual on setting up, using, and understanding random forests v3. 1. Statistics Department University of California Berkeley, CA, USA 1, 58(2002)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Serhat\u00a0Selcuk Bucak Rong Jin and Anil\u00a0K Jain. 2011. Multi-label learning with incomplete class assignments. In CVPR. 2801\u20132808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995734","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995734"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3358149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2018.00061"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1.9781611972788.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1122\u20131131","author":"Chen Hongge","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hongge Chen, Huan Zhang, Duane Boning, and Cho-Jui Hsieh. 2019. Robust decision trees against adversarial examples. In International Conference on Machine Learning. PMLR, 1122\u20131131."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"1242\u20131282","author":"Danielle\u00a0Keats Citron. 2015. Spying Inc.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Danielle\u00a0Keats Citron. 2015. Spying Inc.Washington and Lee Law Review 72, 3 (2015), 1242\u20131282."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","unstructured":"Coalition Against Stalkerware. 2020. What is Stalkerware. https:\/\/stopstalkerware.org\/#whatis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDM.2016.0102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Droidbox: An android application sandbox for dynamic analysis. Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, Tech. Rep(2011).","author":"Desnos Anthony","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anthony Desnos and Patrik Lantz. 2011. Droidbox: An android application sandbox for dynamic analysis. Lund Univ., Lund, Sweden, Tech. Rep(2011)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2011.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Dynamic Spyware Analysis. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference.","author":"Egele Manuel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Manuel Egele, Chris Kr\u00fcgel, Engin Kirda, Heng Yin, and Dawn Song. 2007. Dynamic Spyware Analysis. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2619091"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503262083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3359304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3174241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-006-6226-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022079418229"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Developer Program Policy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Google. 2020. Developer Program Policy: September 16, 2020 announcement. https:\/\/support.google.com\/googleplay\/android-developer\/answer\/10065487#stalkerware."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220923731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Laura Hautala. 2020. Stalkerware sees all and US laws haven\u2019t stopped its spread. Installing hidden spy software is illegal so why is it so easy?https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/news\/stalkerware-sees-all-and-us-laws-havent-stopped-its-spread\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","volume-title":"Usenix Security Symposium. 694","author":"Kirda Engin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Engin Kirda, Christopher Kruegel, Greg Banks, Giovanni Vigna, and Richard Kemmerer. 2006. Behavior-based Spyware Detection.. In Usenix Security Symposium. 694."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology","author":"Krippendorff Klaus","unstructured":"Klaus Krippendorff. 2018. Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Jonathan Lazar Jinjuan\u00a0Heidi Feng and Harry Hochheiser. 2017. Research methods in human-computer interaction. Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cybsec\/tyaa006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"A follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in Australian victims of domestic violence","volume":"16","author":"Mertin Peter","year":"2002","unstructured":"Peter Mertin and Philip Mohr. 2002. A follow-up study of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression in Australian victims of domestic violence. Violence and Victims 16, 6 (January 2002), 645\u2013654.","journal-title":"Violence and Victims"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"National Network to End Domestic Violence (NNEDV). 2019. Spyware and Stalkerware: Phone Surveillance & Safety for Survivors. Tech Safety https:\/\/www.techsafety.org\/s\/NNEDV_Spyware_Phones_2019-ywrd.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Organization for Security and Cooperation (OSCE). 2019. OSCE-led Survey on Violence Against Women. Technical Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Christopher Parsons Adam Molnar Jakub Dalek Jeffrey Knockel Miles Kenyon Bennett Haselton Cynthia Khoo and Ronald Deibert. 2019. The Predator in Your Pocket. A Multidisciplinary Assessment of the Stalkerware Application Industry. Research Report 119 https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/docs\/stalkerware-holistic.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2957276.2957297"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/sp40000.2020.00069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-7637-6_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence and victims 14, 1","author":"Sackett A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Leslie\u00a0A Sackett and Daniel\u00a0G Saunders. 1999. The impact of different forms of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence and victims 14, 1 (1999), 105\u2013117."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300232"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"First Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 04)","author":"Saroiu Stefan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stefan Saroiu, Steven\u00a0D. Gribble, and Henry\u00a0M. Levy. 2004. Measurement and Analysis of Spyware in a University Environment. In First Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 04). USENIX Association, San Francisco, CA. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/nsdi-04\/measurement-and-analysis-spyware-university-environment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Burr Settles. 2010. Active Learning Literature Survey. Computer Sciences Technical Report 1648(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y. Shen Pierre-Antoine Vervier and G. Stringhini. 2021. Understanding Worldwide Private Information Collection on Android. ArXiv abs\/2102.12869(2021).","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2021.24076"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a080)","author":"Siblini Wissam","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wissam Siblini, Pascale Kuntz, and Frank Meyer. 2018. CRAFTML, an Efficient Clustering-based Random Forest for Extreme Multi-label Learning. In Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning(Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol.\u00a080), Jennifer Dy and Andreas Krause (Eds.). PMLR, 4664\u20134673. http:\/\/proceedings.mlr.press\/v80\/siblini18a.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61030-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40001.2021.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Nearly Half of Americans Admit to \u2018Stalking","author":"Torluemke Jenna","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jenna Torluemke and Christine Kim. 2020. Nearly Half of Americans Admit to \u2018Stalking\u2019 an Ex or Current Partner Online. NortonLifeLock Press Release https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20200212005192\/en\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"The Tools and Tactics Used in Intimate Partner Surveillance: An Analysis of Online Infidelity Forums. In USENIX Security Symposium.","author":"Tseng Emily","unstructured":"Emily Tseng, Rosanna Bellini, Nora McDonald, Matan Danos, R. Greenstadt, Damon McCoy, Nicola Dell, and T. Ristenpart. 2020. The Tools and Tactics Used in Intimate Partner Surveillance: An Analysis of Online Infidelity Forums. In USENIX Security Symposium."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09823-4_34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Changhu Wang Shuicheng Yan Lei Zhang and Hongjiang Zhang. 2009. Multi-label sparse coding for automatic image annotation. In CVPR. 1643\u20131650.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2009.5206866"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSAC.2006.34"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2014.06.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089976698300017412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Droidscope: Seamlessly reconstructing the {OS} and dalvik semantic views for dynamic android malware analysis. In 21st {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 12). 569\u2013584.","author":"Yan Lok\u00a0Kwong","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lok\u00a0Kwong Yan and Heng Yin. 2012. Droidscope: Seamlessly reconstructing the {OS} and dalvik semantic views for dynamic android malware analysis. In 21st {USENIX} Security Symposium ({USENIX} Security 12). 569\u2013584."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1557019.1557119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning -","volume":"601","author":"Yu Hsiang-Fu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hsiang-Fu Yu, Prateek Jain, Purushottam Kar, and Inderjit\u00a0S. Dhillon. 2014. Large-scale Multi-label Learning with Missing Labels. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on International Conference on Machine Learning - Volume 32(Beijing, China) (ICML\u201914). JMLR.org, I\u2013593\u2013I\u2013601. http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=3044805.3044873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin\u00a0Zhang Yu-Yin\u00a0Sun and Zhi-Hua Zhou. 2010. Multi-Label Learning with Weak Label. In AAAI. 593\u2013598.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v24i1.7699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2013.39"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2976040.2976245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1076034.1076082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3041838.3041953"}],"event":{"name":"ACSAC '21: Annual Computer Security Applications Conference","location":"Virtual Event USA","acronym":"ACSAC '21"},"container-title":["Annual Computer Security Applications Conference"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3485832.3485901","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3485832.3485901","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T19:17:41Z","timestamp":1755890261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3485832.3485901"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3485832.3485901","10.1145\/3485832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3485832.3485901","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}