{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T14:36:13Z","timestamp":1768142173967,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Comput. Educ."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The 1980s and 1990s saw a robust connection between computer science education and cognitive psychology as researchers worked to understand how students learn to program. More recently, academic disciplines such as science and engineering have begun drawing on cognitive psychology research and theories of learning to create instructional materials and teacher professional development materials based on theories of learning, to some success. In this paper, we follow a similar approach by highlighting common areas of interest between computer science education and cognitive psychology\u2013specifically theories of analogical transfer\u2013and discuss how cross-pollination of theoretical constructs between disciplines can support research on the teaching and learning of multiple programming languages. We will also discuss areas where computing education research can adapt the existing theories from cognitive psychology to develop domain-specific theories of knowledge transfer in computing and feed back into cognitive psychology research to inform larger debates about the nature of cognition and learning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3487051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T06:33:19Z","timestamp":1651213999000},"page":"1-21","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["From One Language to the Next: Applications of Analogical Transfer for Programming Education"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4116-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Kao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"WestEd, San Francisco, California"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Matlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"WestEd, San Francisco, California"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-3899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Weintrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, College Park, MD"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2013.775712"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","volume-title":"Rules of the Mind","author":"Anderson John R.","year":"1993","unstructured":"John R. Anderson. 1993. Rules of the Mind. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Advances in Instructional Psychology: Educational Design and Cognitive Science.","author":"Anderson John R.","year":"2000","unstructured":"John R. Anderson and Christian D. Schunn. 2000. Implications of the ACT-R learning theory: No magic bullets. In Proceedings of the Advances in Instructional Psychology: Educational Design and Cognitive Science.R. Glaser (Ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2677087"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148803"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"8","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems","author":"Armstrong Deb","year":"2000","unstructured":"Deb Armstrong and H. James Nelson. 2000. Knowledge transfer between languages and paradigms. In Proceedings of the Americas Conference on Information Systems. 8."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.4.612"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence W. Barsalou. 1999. Perceptual symbol systems. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22 4 (1999) 577\u2013660.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X99002149"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771875"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3015455"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Elizabeth L. Bjork and Robert A. Bjork. 2011. Making things hard on yourself but in a good way: Creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning. Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society 2 (2011) 59\u201368."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2019.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BB48857.2019.8941213"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1167267"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X026008004"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(73)90004-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0502_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniel C. Cliburn. 2008. Student opinions of Alice in CS1. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Frontiers in Education Conference . IEEE T3B\u20131.","DOI":"10.1109\/FIE.2008.4720254"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.21241"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","volume-title":"Exploring Wonderland: Java Programming Using Alice and Media Computation","author":"Dann W.","year":"2009","unstructured":"W. Dann, S. Cooper, and B Ericson. 2009. Exploring Wonderland: Java Programming Using Alice and Media Computation. Prentice Hall Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","volume-title":"Learning to Program with Alice","author":"Dann Wanda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wanda Dann, Stephen Cooper, and Randy Pausch. 2006. Learning to Program with Alice. Prentice-Hall, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2157136.2157180"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00220973.2019.1619067"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.696438"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677256"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2670757.2670774"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100612453266"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2839509.2844556"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017777"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-1315(96)00022-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017760"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-020-09561-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1822090.1822138"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0702_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2010.01114.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12248"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.95.2.393"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","unstructured":"Dedre Gentner Mary Jo Rattermann Arthur Markman and Laura Kotovsky. 1995. Two forces in the development of relational similarity. In Developing Cognitive Competence: New Approaches to Pocess Mdeling . Erlbaum 263\u2013313."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mary L. Gick and Keith J. Holyoak. 1983. Schema Induction and Analogical Transfer. Cognitive Psychology 15 1 (1983) 1\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(83)90002-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2012.695710"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3304221.3319734"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","volume-title":"Transfer of Learning: Progressive Perspectives for Mathematics Education and Related Fields","author":"Grover Shuchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shuchi Grover. 2021. Teaching and assessing for transfer from block-to-text programming in middle school computer science. Transfer of Learning: Progressive Perspectives for Mathematics Education and Related Fields. Springer Nature."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2015.1033142"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","article-title":"We should stop saying language independent. We don\u2019t know how to do that.","author":"Guzdial Mark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mark Guzdial. 2019. We should stop saying language independent. We don\u2019t know how to do that.Blog @ The Communications of the ACM (2019). Retrieved from https:\/\/cacm.acm.org\/blogs\/blog-cacm\/238782-we-should-stop-saying-language-independent-we-dont-know-how-to-do-that\/fulltext.","journal-title":"Blog @ The Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15248372.2019.1565537"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VISSOFT.2014.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619864601"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-013-0551-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/applin\/21.1.47"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0026-7902.2004.00238.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennifer A. Kaminski Vladimir M. Sloutsky and Andrew F. Heckler. 2013. The Cost of Concreteness: The Effect of Nonessential Information on Analogical Transfer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 19 1 (2013) 14\u201329.","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031931"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328778.3366959"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1240624.1240844"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407237-4.00004-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000243"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1131753"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108654555.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/MIPRO.2017.7973531"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327809JLS1004new_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818314.2818331"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18293\/VLSS2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03192935"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.33.4.720"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1734263.1734383"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuhan Lin and David Weintrop. 2021. The Landscape of Block-based Programming: Characteristics of block-based environments and how they support the transition to text-based programming. Journal of Computer Languages 67 (2021) 101075.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cola.2021.101075"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001872679104400104"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3291279.3339409"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108654555.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000726"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-012-9248-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91376-6_16"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Matlen Bryan J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bryan J. Matlen, Stella Vosniadou, Benjamin Jee, and Maria Ptouchkina. 2011. Enhancing the comprehension of science text through visual analogies. In Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000337"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1839594.1839607"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Analogy","author":"Ming Norma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Norma Ming. 2015. Analogies vs. Contrasts: A comparison of their learning benefits. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Analogy. NBU, Sofia, Bulgaria, 338\u2013347."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcci.2021.100279"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LaTICE.2018.000-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/570907.570910"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8022(96)00024-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-018-0101-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-596X(85)90047-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2960310.2960316"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","first-page":"209","volume-title":"Procedings of the 20th Annual NACCQ Conference","author":"Parsons D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"D. Parsons and P. Haden. 2007. Programming osmosis: Knowledge transfer from imperative to visual programming environments. In Procedings of the 20th Annual NACCQ Conference. S. Mann and N. Bridgeman (Eds.). Hamilton, New Zealand, 209\u2013215."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","volume-title":"Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning (NCER 2007-2004)","author":"Pashler Harold","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harold Pashler, Patrice M. Bain, Brian A. Bottge, A. Graesser, Kenneth Koedinger, Mark McDaniel, and Janet Metcalfe. 2007. Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning (NCER 2007-2004). Technical Report. National Center for Education Research, Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education., Washington, D. C. Retrieved from https:\/\/ies.ed.gov\/ncee\/wwc\/PracticeGuide\/1."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(87)90007-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1002&3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","volume-title":"Making Learning Whole: How Seven Principles of Teaching Can Transform Education","author":"Perkins David","year":"2010","unstructured":"David Perkins. 2010. Making Learning Whole: How Seven Principles of Teaching Can Transform Education. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Teaching for transfer","volume":"46","author":"Perkins David N.","year":"1988","unstructured":"David N. Perkins and Gavriel Salomon. 1988. Teaching for transfer. Educational Leadership 46, 1 (1988), 22\u201332.","journal-title":"Educational Leadership"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1227504.1227386"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787712"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(74)90020-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3408877.3432444"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592779"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2009.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1488"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016026"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781108654555.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000001"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-6709.2012.01253.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEED.2016.7856073"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3358711.3361628"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447319009525970"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.1991.183956"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0953-5438(93)90023-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1404520.1404535"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00977789"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VLHCC.2018.8506508"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3377811.3380352"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/576212"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ev.20232"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/016146812012200913"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2899415.2899462"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","volume-title":"Assessing Fundamental Introductory Computing Concept Knowledge in a Language Independent Manner","author":"Tew Allison E.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allison E. Tew. 2010. Assessing Fundamental Introductory Computing Concept Knowledge in a Language Independent Manner. Ph.D. Dissertation. Atlanta, GA. Retrieved from http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/1853\/37090."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341525.3387406"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341525.3387406"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372782.3406270"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3416465.3416475"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.4.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.402076"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0899340960070101"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341221"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","unstructured":"David Weintrop Heather Killen and Baker E. Franke. 2018. Blocks or Text? How Programming Language Modality Makes a Difference in Assessing Underrepresented Populations . International Society of the Learning Sciences Inc.[ISLS]."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787721"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3078072.3079715"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3089799"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103646"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(83)80061-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Proceeding of the Empirical Studies of Programmers: 5th Workshop: Papers Presented at the 5th Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers, December 3-5, 1993, Palo Alto, CA","author":"Wiedenbeck Susan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Susan Wiedenbeck. 1993. An analysis of novice programmers learning a second language. In Proceeding of the Empirical Studies of Programmers: 5th Workshop: Papers Presented at the 5th Workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers, December 3-5, 1993, Palo Alto, CA. Intellect Books, 187."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA225798"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Computing Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3487051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3487051","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:47Z","timestamp":1750191527000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3487051"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3487051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3487051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1946-6226","1946-6226"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1946-6226","type":"print"},{"value":"1946-6226","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}