{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:18:39Z","timestamp":1750220319342,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CRC 1053\u2014MAKI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC 1053\u2014MAKI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trends such as the Internet of Things lead to a growing number of networked devices and to a variety of communication systems. Adding self-adaptive capabilities to these communication systems is one approach to reducing administrative effort and coping with changing execution contexts. Existing frameworks can help reducing development effort but are neither tailored toward the use in communication systems nor easily usable without knowledge in self-adaptive systems development. Accordingly, in previous work, we proposed REACT, a reusable, model-based runtime environment to complement communication systems with adaptive behavior. REACT addresses heterogeneity and distribution aspects of such systems and reduces development effort. In this article, we propose REACT-ION\u2014an extension of REACT for situation awareness. REACT-ION offers a context management module that is able to acquire, store, disseminate, and reason on context data. The context management module is the basis for (i) proactive adaptation with REACT-ION and (ii) self-improvement of the underlying feedback loop. REACT-ION can be used to optimize adaptation decisions at runtime based on the current situation. Therefore, it can cope with uncertainty and situations that were not foreseeable at design time. We show and evaluate in two case studies how REACT-ION\u2019s situation awareness enables proactive adaptation and self-improvement.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3487919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T19:13:58Z","timestamp":1640027638000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["REACT-ION: A Model-based Runtime Environment for Situation-aware Adaptations"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4255-3482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Pfannem\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Mannheim, Schloss, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6671-2762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Breitbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Mannheim, Schloss, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6999-2146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markus","family":"Weckesser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Mannheim, Schloss, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7828-622X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bradley","family":"Schmerl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andy","family":"Sch\u00fcrr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7275-0738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Krupitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4t Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647985.743843"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.05.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2487336.2487343"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MoDELS\u201913)","author":"Antkiewicz Michal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Michal Antkiewicz, Kacper Bak, Krzysztof Czarnecki, Zinovy Diskin, Dina Zayan, and Andrzej Wasowski. 2013. Example-driven modeling using clafer. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (MoDELS\u201913). ACM\/IEEE, New York, NY\/Piscataway, NJ, 32\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAMS.2009.5069074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"Modeling and Analysis of Software Product Line Variability in Clafer","author":"Bak Kacper","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kacper Bak. 2013. Modeling and Analysis of Software Product Line Variability in Clafer. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1964571.1964581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10270-014-0441-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08915-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1368088.1368207"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"23","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th International Software Product Lines Conference (SPLC\u201908)","author":"Bencomo Nelly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nelly Bencomo, Peter Sawyer, Gordon S. Blair, and Paul Grace. 2008. Dynamically adaptive systems are product lines too: Using model-driven techniques to capture dynamic variability of adaptive systems. In Proceedings of the 12th International Software Product Lines Conference (SPLC\u201908). IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, 23\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SAT190075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Conference on Ambient Intelligence (AmI\u201907)","author":"Bikakis Antonis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antonis Bikakis, Theodore Patkos, Grigoris Antoniou, and Dimitris Plexousakis. 2007. A survey of semantics-based approaches for context reasoning in ambient intelligence. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Ambient Intelligence (AmI\u201907). Springer, Berlin, 14\u201323. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-85379-4_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2009.326"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695664.2695680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2593929.2593933"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2821357.2821384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2003.1237173"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2011.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Models@run.time","author":"Cetina Carlos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carlos Cetina, Pau Giner, Joan Fons, and Vicente Pelechano. 2008. A model-driven approach for developing self-adaptive pervasive systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Models@run.time. 97\u2013106."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.2011.6085640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Models@run.time\u2014Foundations, Applications, and Roadmaps","author":"Cheng Betty H. C.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Betty H. C. Cheng, Kerstin I. Eder, Martin Gogolla, Lars Grunske, Marin Litoiu, Hausi A. M\u00fcller, Patrizio Pelliccione, Anna Perini, Nauman A. Qureshi, Bernhard Rumpe, Daniel Schneider, Frank Trollmann, and Norha M. Villegas. 2011. Using models at runtime to address assurance for self-adaptive systems. In Models@run.time\u2014Foundations, Applications, and Roadmaps. Springer, Berlin, 101\u2013136. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-08915-7_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.02.060"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1415386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-02161-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Web server workload characterization","volume":"24","author":"Dilley John","year":"1996","unstructured":"John Dilley. 1996. Web server workload characterization. HP Lab. Tech. Report 24 (1996), 1\u201316. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/233008.233034","journal-title":"HP Lab. Tech. Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/646931.710424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1518\/001872095779049543"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SCC.2007.74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSE.2013.37"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","series-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science","first-page":"214","volume-title":"Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II","author":"Esfahani Naeem","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naeem Esfahani and Sam Malek. 2010. Uncertainty in self-adaptive software systems. In Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II(Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 7475). Springer, Berlin, 214\u2013238. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35813-5_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2006.61"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SASO.2019.00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2014.24"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MODELS.2019.000-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2002.1012334"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.07.052"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2168260.2168270"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPLC.2008.15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2004.1260706"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"A framework for context-aware pervasive computing applications","author":"Henricksen Karen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Karen Henricksen. 2003. A framework for context-aware pervasive computing applications. Ph.D. Dissertation. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMPSAC.2019.00073"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-64846-6_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2003.1160055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FOSE.2007.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2016.49"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2016.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1864349.1864353"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645385.651497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2009.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2004.48"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MS.2011.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2786805.2786853"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2016.59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3149180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3194133.3194163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2009.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0790-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5254.769885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SASO.2016.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SEAMS.2017.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-006-7560-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2013.042313.00197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSOS-C51401.2020.00062"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACSOS49614.2020.00027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2017.18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2015.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","volume-title":"Choco Documentation","author":"Prud\u2019homme Charles","year":"2017","unstructured":"Charles Prud\u2019homme, Jean-Guillaume Fages, and Xavier Lorca. 2017. Choco Documentation. TASC-LS2N CNRS UMR 6241, COSLING S.A.S. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.choco-solver.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2002.1158281"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2015.20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3365438.3410961"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1516533.1516538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2499777.2500716"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2866614.2866619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71500-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1368088.1368103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","volume-title":"Requirements-based Software System Adaptation","author":"Souza V\u00edtor Est\u00eav\u00e3o Silva","year":"2012","unstructured":"V\u00edtor Est\u00eav\u00e3o Silva Souza. 2012. Requirements-based Software System Adaptation. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Trento, Trento, Italy."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2635868.2635915"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1858996.1859092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","volume-title":"An architectural framework for self-configuration and self-improvement at runtime","author":"Tomforde Sven","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sven Tomforde. 2011. An architectural framework for self-configuration and self-improvement at runtime. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15488\/7766"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2593416.2593421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419804.3420276"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SASO.2013.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","volume-title":"Model-Driven Engineering of Self-Adaptive Software","author":"Vogel Thomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thomas Vogel. 2018. Model-Driven Engineering of Self-Adaptive Software. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2666795.2666816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2555612"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3239372.3239398"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00262-6_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","unstructured":"Danny Weyns and M. Usman Iftikhar. 2019. ActivFORMS: A model-based approach to engineer self-adaptive systems. Retrieved from https:\/\/arXiv:1908.11179."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II","author":"Weyns Danny","year":"2010","unstructured":"Danny Weyns, Bradley Schmerl, Vincenzo Grassi, Sam Malek, Raffaela Mirandola, Christian Prehofer, Jochen Wuttke, Jesper Andersson, Holger Giese, and Karl M. G\u00f6schka. 2010. On patterns for decentralized control in self-adaptive systems. In Software Engineering for Self-Adaptive Systems II. Springer, Berlin, 76\u2013107. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-35813-5_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Work-Conference on Time Series Analysis","author":"Z\u00fcfle Marwin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Marwin Z\u00fcfle, Andr\u00e9 Bauer, Nikolas Herbst, Valentin Curtef, and Samuel Kounev. 2017. Telescope: A hybrid forecast method for univariate time series. In Proceedings of the International Work-Conference on Time Series Analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAC.2019.00028"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3487919","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3487919","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:11:56Z","timestamp":1750191116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3487919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3487919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3487919","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-4665","1556-4703"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1556-4665"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1556-4703"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-20","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}