{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T19:52:45Z","timestamp":1776887565434,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]],"date-time":"2021-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Sen. Netw."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor localization has gained increasing attention in the era of the Internet of Things. Among various technologies, WiFi fingerprint-based localization has become a mainstream solution. However, RSS fingerprints suffer from critical drawbacks of spatial ambiguity and temporal instability that root in multipath effects and environmental dynamics, which degrade the performance of these systems and therefore impede their wide deployment in the real world. Pioneering works overcome these limitations at the costs of ubiquity as they mostly resort to additional information or extra user constraints. In this article, we present the design and implementation of ViViPlus, an indoor localization system purely based on WiFi fingerprints, which jointly mitigates spatial ambiguity and temporal instability and derives reliable performance without impairing the ubiquity. The key idea is to embrace the spatial awareness of RSS values in a novel form of RSS Spatial Gradient (RSG) matrix for enhanced WiFi fingerprints. We devise techniques for the representation, construction, and localization of the proposed fingerprint form and integrate them all in a practical system. Extensive experiments across 7 months in different environments demonstrate that ViViPlus significantly improves the accuracy in localization scenarios by about 30% to 50% compared with the state-of-the-art approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3488281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T01:06:52Z","timestamp":1634951212000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Wireless Localization with Spatial-Temporal Robust Fingerprints"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Danyang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and BNRist, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and BNRist, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4048-2684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Software and BNRist, Tsinghua University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9700-4627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chenshu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Qingdao University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas D.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London and Bell Labs"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2015.2478451"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1614320.1614350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"et\u00a0al","author":"Bahl Paramvir","year":"2000","unstructured":"Paramvir Bahl , Venkata\u00a0 N. Padmanabhan , et\u00a0al . 2000 . RADAR : An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. In IEEE Infocom, Vol.\u00a0 2. IEEE , 775\u2013784. Paramvir Bahl, Venkata\u00a0N. Padmanabhan, et\u00a0al. 2000. RADAR: An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. In IEEE Infocom, Vol.\u00a0 2. IEEE, 775\u2013784."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3214266"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2006.112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2013.6567120"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1859995.1860016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2016.7732967"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Eleryan M. Elsabagh and M. Youssef. 2011. Synthetic generation of radio maps for device-free passive localization. In IEEE GLOBECOM.  A. Eleryan M. Elsabagh and M. Youssef. 2011. Synthetic generation of radio maps for device-free passive localization. In IEEE GLOBECOM.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2011.6134052"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1625275.1625675"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Building a practical Wi-Fi-based indoor navigation system","volume":"13","author":"Han D.","year":"2014","unstructured":"D. Han , S. Jung , M. Lee , and G. Yoon . 2014 . Building a practical Wi-Fi-based indoor navigation system . IEEE Pervasive Computing 13 , 2 (Apr. 2014), 72\u201379. D. Han, S. Jung, M. Lee, and G. Yoon. 2014. Building a practical Wi-Fi-based indoor navigation system. IEEE Pervasive Computing 13, 2 (Apr. 2014), 72\u201379.","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Computing"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2809695.2809703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2608946"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2632048.2636079"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2011.5979643"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3241539.3241548"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493470"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2517351.2517352"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2829988.2787487"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM42981.2021.9488693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2639108.2639118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971665"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348581"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2737095.2737726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1814433.1814461"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3210240.3210314"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348580"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307654"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2016.2590996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2482626.2482636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2015.2430274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2015.2509917"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDCS.2013.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2930611.2930623"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2307636.2307655"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2973750.2973776"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2534169.2486029"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218637"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3090094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2014.2320254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2017.2737004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOM.2015.7218639"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2016.2630713"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2012.6195606"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2860991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2807516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971668"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351272"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2348543.2348578"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676430"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2543581.2543592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2016.7733026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2680844"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-006-0725-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3305890.3306105"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3488281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3488281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:30:24Z","timestamp":1750188624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3488281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3488281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3488281","relation":{},"ISSN":["1550-4859","1550-4867"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1550-4859","type":"print"},{"value":"1550-4867","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}