{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:20:01Z","timestamp":1750220401244,"version":"3.41.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":42,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3488560.3498399","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T21:42:57Z","timestamp":1644961377000},"page":"27-36","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Harvesting More Answer Spans from Paragraph beyond Annotation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Qiaoben","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiangjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanghua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fudan University; Fudan-Aishu Cognitive Intelligence Joint Research Center; & East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Noise reduction in speech processing","author":"Benesty Jacob","unstructured":"Jacob Benesty, Jingdong Chen, Yiteng Huang, and Israel Cohen. 2009. Pearson correlation coefficient. In Noise reduction in speech processing . Springer, 1--4.","key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.acl-long.465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","volume":"1","author":"Devlin Jacob","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019. BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers) . 4171--4186."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.69"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1219"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1177"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1123"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 1386--1394","author":"Plessis Marthinus Du","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marthinus Du Plessis, Gang Niu, and Masashi Sugiyama. 2015. Convex formulation for learning from positive and unlabeled data. In International conference on machine learning. PMLR, 1386--1394."},{"volume-title":"Analysis of learning from positive and unlabeled data. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Du Plessis Marthinus C","unstructured":"Marthinus C Du Plessis, Gang Niu, and Masashi Sugiyama. 2014. Analysis of learning from positive and unlabeled data. Advances in neural information processing systems , Vol. 27, 703--711.","key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies","volume":"1","author":"Dua Dheeru","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dheeru Dua, Yizhong Wang, Pradeep Dasigi, Gabriel Stanovsky, Sameer Singh, and Matt Gardner. 2019. DROP: A Reading Comprehension Benchmark Requiring Discrete Reasoning Over Paragraphs. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers). 2368--2378."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_11_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","volume-title":"Goodman","author":"Hawkins Robert D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Robert D. Hawkins, Andreas Stuhlm\u00fcller, Judith Degen, and Noah D. Goodman. 2015. Why do you ask? Good questions provoke informative answers. Cognitive Science (2015)."},{"volume-title":"Teaching machines to read and comprehend. Advances in neural information processing systems","author":"Hermann Karl Moritz","unstructured":"Karl Moritz Hermann, Tomas Kocisky, Edward Grefenstette, Lasse Espeholt, Will Kay, Mustafa Suleyman, and Phil Blunsom. 2015. Teaching machines to read and comprehend. Advances in neural information processing systems , Vol. 28, 1693--1701.","key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","volume-title":"Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. In International Conference on Learning Representations` .","author":"Kingma Diederik P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Diederik P Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2015. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. In International Conference on Learning Representations` ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems . 1674--1684","author":"Kiryo Ryuichi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ryuichi Kiryo, Gang Niu, Marthinus C du Plessis, and Masashi Sugiyama. 2017. Positive-unlabeled learning with non-negative risk estimator. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems . 1674--1684."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.coling-main.274"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.519"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","DOI":"10.5555\/1630659.1630746"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","volume-title":"Asking questions the human way: Scalable question-answer generation from text corpus. (2020)","author":"Liu Bang","year":"2032","unstructured":"Bang Liu, Haojie Wei, Di Niu, Haolan Chen, and Yancheng He. 2020. Asking questions the human way: Scalable question-answer generation from text corpus. (2020), 2032--2043."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","volume-title":"Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692","author":"Liu Yinhan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019. Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1907.11692 (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","volume-title":"The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological bulletin","author":"Loewenstein George","year":"1994","unstructured":"George Loewenstein. 1994. The psychology of curiosity: A review and reinterpretation. Psychological bulletin , Vol. 116, 1 (1994), 75."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.571"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1231"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.468"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-demos.14"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2124"},{"unstructured":"Pranav Rajpurkar Jian Zhang Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang. 2016. SQuAD: 100 000","key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1"},{"volume-title":"Machine Comprehension of Text. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . 2383--2392","author":"Questions","unstructured":"Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . 2383--2392.","key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Bidirectional Attention Flow for Machine Comprehension. In International Conference on Learning Representations` .","author":"Seo Minjoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Minjoon Seo, Aniruddha Kembhavi, Ali Farhadi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2017. Bidirectional Attention Flow for Machine Comprehension. In International Conference on Learning Representations` ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-2609"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","volume-title":"Graph Attention Networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations .","author":"Petar Velivc","year":"2018","unstructured":"Petar Velivc kovi\u0107 , Guillem Cucurull, Arantxa Casanova, Adriana Romero, Pietro Li\u00f2, and Yoshua Bengio. 2018. Graph Attention Networks. In International Conference on Learning Representations ."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.43"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 2159--2169","author":"Yang Yaosheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yaosheng Yang, Wenliang Chen, Zhenghua Li, Zhengqiu He, and Min Zhang. 2018. Distantly supervised NER with partial annotation learning and reinforcement learning. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. 2159--2169."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jianxing Yu Xiaojun Quan Qinliang Su and Jian Yin. 2020. Generating multi-hop reasoning questions to improve machine reading comprehension. (2020) 281--291.","key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380114"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6497"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). 49--58","author":"Zhang Yue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yue Zhang, Zhenghua Li, Jun Lang, Qingrong Xia, and Min Zhang. 2017. Dependency parsing with partial annotations: an empirical comparison. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). 49--58."},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1034"}],"event":{"sponsor":["SIGMOD ACM Special Interest Group on Management of Data","SIGWEB ACM Special Interest Group on Hypertext, Hypermedia, and Web","SIGKDD ACM Special Interest Group on Knowledge Discovery in Data","SIGIR ACM Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval"],"acronym":"WSDM '22","name":"WSDM '22: The Fifteenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining","location":"Virtual Event AZ USA"},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Fifteenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3488560.3498399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3488560.3498399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:51Z","timestamp":1750191531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3488560.3498399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3488560.3498399","10.1145\/3488560"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3488560.3498399","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}