{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:51:13Z","timestamp":1792623073415,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of a reputation system is to hold the users of a distributed application accountable for their behavior. The reputation of a user is computed as an aggregate of the feedback provided by fellow users in the system. Truthful feedback is clearly a prerequisite for computing a reputation score that accurately represents the behavior of a user. However, it has been observed that users can hesitate in providing truthful feedback because, for example, of fear of retaliation. Privacy-preserving reputation systems enable users to provide feedback in a private and thus uninhibited manner. In this survey, we propose analysis frameworks for privacy-preserving reputation systems. We use these analysis frameworks to review and compare the existing approaches. Emphasis is placed on blockchain-based systems as they are a recent significant development in the area. Blockchain-based privacy-preserving reputation systems have properties, such as trustlessness, transparency, and immutability, which prior systems do not have. Our analysis provides several insights and directions for future research. These include leveraging blockchain to its full potential in order to develop truly trustless systems, to achieve some important security properties, and to include defenses against common attacks that have so far not been addressed by most current systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3490236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T04:50:32Z","timestamp":1642481432000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Privacy-Preserving Reputation Systems Based on Blockchain and Other Cryptographic Building Blocks: A Survey"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9585-7810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Hasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, LIRIS, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Brunie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, LIRIS, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bertino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, IN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2020.102814"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2013.6654809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-55137-6_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70630-4_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Scientific Conference of the LORNET Research Network","author":"Anwar Mohd","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mohd Anwar and Jim Greer. 2006. Reputation management in privacy-enhanced E-learning. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Scientific Conference of the LORNET Research Network."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69132-7_76"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3098954.3098976"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2019.2962282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3016945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70852-8_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-59171-1_14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2969820"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-14577-3_35"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SNPD.2007.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3236008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th International Conferences on Advanced Service Computing","author":"Brangewitz Sonja","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sonja Brangewitz, Alexander Jungmann, Ronald Petrlic, and Marie Christin Platenius. 2014. Towards a flexible and privacy-preserving reputation system for markets of composed services. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conferences on Advanced Service Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CCWC.2017.7868419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","article-title":"A review of distributed access control for blockchain systems towards securing the Internet of Things","author":"Butun Ismail","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ismail Butun and Patrik \u00d6sterberg. 2020. A review of distributed access control for blockchain systems towards securing the Internet of Things. IEEE Access 9 (2020), 5428\u20135441.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"179","volume-title":"Proceedings of the CCF National Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology","author":"Chang Junsheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Junsheng Chang, Liquan Xiao, and Weixia Xu. 2018. A survey of approaches for promoting honest recommendations in reputation systems. In Proceedings of the CCF National Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology. Springer, 179\u2013191."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ifs.2014.0316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2013.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2016.2635645"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2484313.2484361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2005.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422337.3447839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS.2012.6208686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems","author":"Dingledine Roger","year":"2003","unstructured":"Roger Dingledine, Nick Mathewson, and Paul Syverson. 2003. Reputation in P2P anonymity systems. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Economics of Peer-to-Peer Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1774088.1774401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2196-064X-1-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2018.2883080"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13446-3_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09428-1_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/975541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1943513.1943550"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-03007-9_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCChina.2013.6671120"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/popets-2021-0007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2008.ECP.424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","volume-title":"Privacy Preserving Reputation Systems Based on Blockchain and Other Cryptographic Building Blocks: A Survey","author":"Hasan Omar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Omar Hasan, Lionel Brunie, and Elisa Bertino. 2020. Privacy Preserving Reputation Systems Based on Blockchain and Other Cryptographic Building Blocks: A Survey. Technical Report. University of Lyon, CNRS, INSA-Lyon, LIRIS, UMR5205. Retrieved from https:\/\/hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-03034994\/document."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIFS.2013.2258914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2014.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","unstructured":"Erica Ho. 2015. Why You Should Think Twice Before Trusting Airbnb Reviews. Retrieved 02 Oct. 2021 from https:\/\/mashable.com\/2015\/05\/18\/airbnb-reviews\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592451.1592452"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LCN.2012.6423585"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2972968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Security in Information Systems","author":"Ismail Roslan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roslan Ismail, Colin Boyd, Audun Josang, and Selwyn Russell. 2004. Private reputation schemes for P2P systems. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Security in Information Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Security Applications","author":"Ismail Roslan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Roslan Ismail, Colin Boyd, Audun Josang, and Selwyn Russell. 2004. Strong privacy in reputation systems. In Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Information Security Applications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2005.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","volume-title":"A Privacy Preserving System to Consult Public Institutions Records","author":"J\u00fanior Carlos Aparecido Serrato","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carlos Aparecido Serrato J\u00fanior. 2020. A Privacy Preserving System to Consult Public Institutions Records. Master\u2019s thesis. Universidade de Coimbra."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2018.2875542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22200-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1655188.1655197"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-45229-4_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1066677.1067033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paul Lajoie-Mazenc Emmanuelle Anceaume Gilles Guette Thomas Sirvent and Val\u00e9rie Viet Triem Tong. 2015. Efficient distributed privacy-preserving reputation mechanism handling non-monotonic ratings.  Retrieved from hal.archives-ouvertes.fr.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18491-3_7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2019.2898900"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2864189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSC.2018.2825986"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2010.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2009.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0734-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCC.2014.6912480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1050.0379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08506-7_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking & Services","author":"Miranda Hugo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hugo Miranda and Luis Rodrigues. 2006. A framework to provide anonymity in reputation systems. In Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking & Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3144457.3144491"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","unstructured":"Molly Mulshine. 2015. After a Disappointing Airbnb Stay I Realized There\u2019s a Major Flaw in the Review System. Retrieved 02 Oct. 2021 from https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/why-airbnb-reviews-are-a-problem-for-the-site-2015-6."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","article-title":"Fuzzy Privacy Preserving Peer-to-Peer Reputation Management","author":"Nithyanand Rishab","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rishab Nithyanand and Karthik Raman. 2009. Fuzzy Privacy Preserving Peer-to-Peer Reputation Management. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2009\/442.","journal-title":"Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2009\/442"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSC.2018.00106"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-24747-0_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2554850.2554881"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","first-page":"Vol. 11, Emeral","article-title":"Trust among strangers in internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay\u2019s reputation system","author":"Resnick Paul","year":"2002","unstructured":"Paul Resnick and Richard Zeckhauser. 2002. Trust among strangers in internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay\u2019s reputation system. In The Economics of the Internet and E-Commerce. Michael R. Baye (Ed.), Advances in Applied Microeconomics, Vol. 11, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 127\u2013157.","journal-title":"The Economics of the Internet and E-Commerce."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TrustCom.2011.30"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-33630-5_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","first-page":"647","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications","author":"Schiedermeier Maximilian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maximilian Schiedermeier, Omar Hasan, Lionel Brunie, Tobias Mayer, and Harald Kosch. 2019. A transparent referendum protocol with immutable proceedings and verifiable outcome for trustless networks. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Complex Networks and Their Applications. Springer, 647\u2013658."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1927830.1927850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1946370.1946412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-44041-1_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0-387-33406-8_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joule.2019.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_87_2","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Joint International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing","author":"Tran Ngoc Hong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ngoc Hong Tran, Leila Bahri, and Binh Quoc Nguyen. 2017. Privacy-preserving reputation management in fully decentralized systems: Challenges and opportunities. In Proceedings of the Joint International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing. Springer, 207\u2013215."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCOMWKSHPS50562.2020.9163027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECURECOMM.2005.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2013.150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2020.2995371"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9149129"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10922-021-09611-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14257\/ijmue.2014.9.2.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dac.2817"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SECON48991.2020.9158420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1964419.1964435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2920922"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2021.05.035"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3490236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T15:30:41Z","timestamp":1750174241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3490236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3490236","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-01-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-09-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-18","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}