{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T12:45:48Z","timestamp":1777553148591,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":137,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3490354.3494408","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,5]],"date-time":"2022-05-05T03:50:06Z","timestamp":1651722606000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["On the current and emerging challenges of developing fair and ethical AI solutions in financial services"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Eren","family":"Kurshan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parity"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Storchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"J. P. Morgan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongda","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uni. of Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"BCBS SIG Industry Workshop on Governance and Oversight of AI.","unstructured":"2019. BCBS SIG Industry Workshop on Governance and Oversight of AI. 2019. BCBS SIG Industry Workshop on Governance and Oversight of AI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"What Your Face May Tell Lenders about Creditworthiness. WSJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"2019. What Your Face May Tell Lenders about Creditworthiness. WSJ ( 2019 ). 2019. What Your Face May Tell Lenders about Creditworthiness. WSJ (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"C. Allen etal 2000. Proleg. to Fut. Art. Moral Agnt. J.Exp.Thr. AI (2000) 251--61.  C. Allen et al. 2000. Proleg. to Fut. Art. Moral Agnt. J.Exp.Thr. AI (2000) 251--61."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"B. Ammanath etal 2020. Thriving in the Era of Pervasive AI. Deloitte Report.  B. Ammanath et al. 2020. Thriving in the Era of Pervasive AI. Deloitte Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","unstructured":"M. Anderson etal 18. GenEth: Gen. Eth. Dilmm Anlz. J. Bh. Rob. 9 (18) 337--57.  M. Anderson et al. 18. GenEth: Gen. Eth. Dilmm Anlz. J. Bh. Rob. 9 (18) 337--57."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Machine Ethics","volume":"28","author":"Anderson M.","year":"2007","unstructured":"M. Anderson 2007 . Machine Ethics . AAAI Mag. 28 , 4 (2007), 15 -- 26 . M. Anderson et al. 2007. Machine Ethics. AAAI Mag. 28, 4 (2007), 15--26.","journal-title":"AAAI Mag."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3114838.3115260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"S. Assefa etal 19. Generating Synthetic Dt. in Fin.. In NeurIPS AIFS. 10 pages.  S. Assefa et al. 19. Generating Synthetic Dt. in Fin.. In NeurIPS AIFS. 10 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0637-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"P. Barnes. 2020. EPIC asks FTC to regulate employment screenings. In Forbes.  P. Barnes. 2020. EPIC asks FTC to regulate employment screenings. In Forbes."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"S. Barocas etal 16. Big Data's Disparate Imp. CA Lw. Rev. 104 (16) 671--732.  S. Barocas et al. 16. Big Data's Disparate Imp. CA Lw. Rev. 104 (16) 671--732."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"S. Barocas etal 2019. Problem Formulation and Fairness. In ACM FAT*. 39--48.  S. Barocas et al. 2019. Problem Formulation and Fairness. In ACM FAT * . 39--48."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10994-010-5188-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","first-page":"478","article-title":"Moral Judg. and Dec","volume":"17","author":"Bartels D. M.","year":"2015","unstructured":"D. M. Bartels 2015 . Moral Judg. and Dec . Making. Chapter 17 , 478 -- 515 . D. M. Bartels et al. 2015. Moral Judg. and Dec. Making. Chapter 17, 478--515.","journal-title":"Making. Chapter"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"R. K. E. Bellamy etal 2018. AI Fairness 360. Arxiv (2018). arXiv:1810.01943  R. K. E. Bellamy et al. 2018. AI Fairness 360. Arxiv (2018). arXiv:1810.01943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"L. Benedictus. 2018. Attention Seeking Defining Our Times. In The Guardian.  L. Benedictus. 2018. Attention Seeking Defining Our Times. In The Guardian."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fair","volume":"50","author":"Berk R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Berk 2021 . Fair . in Crim. Just. Risk Assmnt. Soc. Res. 50 (2021), 3 -- 44 . R. Berk et al. 2021. Fair. in Crim. Just. Risk Assmnt. Soc. Res. 50 (2021), 3--44.","journal-title":"Crim. Just. Risk Assmnt. Soc. Res."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"GPS determine loan. India Times","author":"Borgohain A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Borgohain . 2018. Facebook, SMS , GPS determine loan. India Times ( 2018 ). A. Borgohain. 2018. Facebook, SMS, GPS determine loan. India Times (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","first-page":"316","article-title":"Ethics of AI. Cambridge Univ","volume":"15","author":"Bostrom N.","year":"2011","unstructured":"N. Bostrom 2011 . Ethics of AI. Cambridge Univ ., Chapter 15 , 316 -- 334 . N. Bostrom et al. 2011. Ethics of AI. Cambridge Univ., Chapter 15, 316--334.","journal-title":"Chapter"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","unstructured":"D. Boyd etal 2014. Network Nature of Algo. Disc. Data & Discr. (2014).  D. Boyd et al. 2014. Network Nature of Algo. Disc. Data & Discr. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"P. \u00d3 Broin et al. 07. Evolutionary Appr. to Deception. AI Rev. 27 (07) 257--71.  P. \u00d3 Broin et al. 07. Evolutionary Appr. to Deception. AI Rev. 27 (07) 257--71."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"M. Brundage etal 2018. Malicious AI Use Forecasting Prevention Mitigation.  M. Brundage et al. 2018. Malicious AI Use Forecasting Prevention Mitigation."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","unstructured":"R. Buckley etal 19. Dark Side of Digital Financial Transformation. SSRN (19).  R. Buckley et al. 19. Dark Side of Digital Financial Transformation. SSRN (19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Regulating AI in Finance","volume":"43","author":"Buckley R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Buckley 2021 . Regulating AI in Finance . Syd. Law Rev. 43 (2021), 43 -- 81 . R. Buckley et al. 2021. Regulating AI in Finance. Syd. Law Rev. 43 (2021), 43--81.","journal-title":"Syd. Law Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"T. Bull etal 2019. Global FinTech Adoption Index. Ernst and Young Report.  T. Bull et al. 2019. Global FinTech Adoption Index. Ernst and Young Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2002.003582"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3647625"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J. Carrese and J. Sugarman. 2006. Medical Ethics 130 6 (2006) P1864--72.  J. Carrese and J. Sugarman. 2006. Medical Ethics 130 6 (2006) P1864--72.","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.130.6.1864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010025403776"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection","author":"CFPB","year":"2020","unstructured":"CFPB : Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection . 2020 . Fair Lending Report . CFPB: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection. 2020. Fair Lending Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","unstructured":"A. Chouldechova. 16. Fairness Prediction with Disparate Impact. In FATML.  A. Chouldechova. 16. Fairness Prediction with Disparate Impact. In FATML."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Cima etal 2010. Psychopaths Know Right fr. Wrong. SCAN (2010) 59--67.  M. Cima et al. 2010. Psychopaths Know Right fr. Wrong. SCAN (2010) 59--67.","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsp051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Commodity Futures Trad. Coms'n. 19. Primer on AI in Financial Markets. (19).  Commodity Futures Trad. Coms'n. 19. Primer on AI in Financial Markets. (19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Corbett-Davies et al","author":"S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Corbett-Davies et al . 2018 . Measure and Mism. of Fairness. Arxiv ( 2018). S. Corbett-Davies et al. 2018. Measure and Mism. of Fairness. Arxiv (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"I. Crespo etal 2017. The Evolution of Model Risk Management. McKinsey.  I. Crespo et al. 2017. The Evolution of Model Risk Management. McKinsey."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"R. Cummings etal 2019. Comptblt. of Privacy & Fairness. In FairUMAP. 309--15.  R. Cummings et al. 2019. Comptblt. of Privacy & Fairness. In FairUMAP. 309--15."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"D'Amour et al","author":"A.","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. D'Amour et al . 2020 . Fairness Is Not Static. ACM FAT * (2020), 525--534. A. D'Amour et al. 2020. Fairness Is Not Static. ACM FAT* (2020), 525--534."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11948-012-9412-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Doshi-Velez et al","author":"F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"F. Doshi-Velez et al . 2017 . Accountability of AI Under the Law . arXiv:1711.01134 F. Doshi-Velez et al. 2017. Accountability of AI Under the Law. arXiv:1711.01134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Privacy For All","volume":"81","author":"Ekstrand M. D.","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. D. Ekstrand 2018 . Privacy For All . Proc. of MLR 81 (2018), 35 -- 47 . M. D. Ekstrand et al. 2018. Privacy For All. Proc. of MLR 81 (2018), 35--47.","journal-title":"Proc. of MLR"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"Report","author":"Steering Gr EU","year":"2019","unstructured":"EU AI HLEG Steering Gr . Report . 2019 . Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. EU AI HLEG Steering Gr. Report. 2019. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"P. Evans etal 2020. A Moral License for AI. Deloitte (2020) 36 pages.  P. Evans et al. 2020. A Moral License for AI. Deloitte (2020) 36 pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"A. Ezrachi etal 2017. AI & Collusion. Univ. Illinois L. Rev. 1775--1810 (2017).  A. Ezrachi et al. 2017. AI & Collusion. Univ. Illinois L. Rev. 1775--1810 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","unstructured":"X. Ferrer etal 2019. Attest. Bias. and Discr. using Lang. Seman.. In AAMAS.  X. Ferrer et al. 2019. Attest. Bias. and Discr. using Lang. Seman.. In AAMAS."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"AI in the Securities Industry. FINRA Reports","author":"RA.","year":"2020","unstructured":"FIN RA. 2020. AI in the Securities Industry. FINRA Reports ( 2020 ), 20 pages pages. FINRA. 2020. AI in the Securities Industry. FINRA Reports (2020), 20 pages pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","first-page":"2020","article-title":"Principled AI","author":"Fjeld J.","year":"2020","unstructured":"J. Fjeld 2020 . Principled AI . Technical Report 2020 - 2021 . Berkman Klein Ctr. J. Fjeld et al. 2020. Principled AI. Technical Report 2020-1. Berkman Klein Ctr.","journal-title":"Technical Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3433949"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Creating Ethical Robots. AAAI Symp. Machine Ethics","author":"Gips J.","year":"2005","unstructured":"J. Gips . 2005 . Creating Ethical Robots. AAAI Symp. Machine Ethics (2005). J. Gips. 2005. Creating Ethical Robots. AAAI Symp. Machine Ethics (2005)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"I. Goodfellow. 2015. Explaining & Harnessing Adversarial Examples. In ICLR.  I. Goodfellow. 2015. Explaining & Harnessing Adversarial Examples. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"S. Grover. 96. Business Necessity Defense. William & Mary Law. School (96).  S. Grover. 96. Business Necessity Defense. William & Mary Law. School (96)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","unstructured":"I. Gulamhuseinwala etal 15. Fintech is Gain. Tract. Fin. Persp. 3 3 (15) 16--23.  I. Gulamhuseinwala et al. 15. Fintech is Gain. Tract. Fin. Persp. 3 3 (15) 16--23."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Gunning etal 19. DARPAs Explainable. AI Prog. AI Mag. 40 2 (19) 44--58.  D. Gunning et al. 19. DARPAs Explainable. AI Prog. AI Mag. 40 2 (19) 44--58.","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v40i2.2850"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-020-09517-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","unstructured":"A. Hagerty and I. Rubinov. 2019. Global AI Ethics. Arxiv (2019). arXiv:1907.07892  A. Hagerty and I. Rubinov. 2019. Global AI Ethics. Arxiv (2019). arXiv:1907.07892"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","unstructured":"K. Hao. 2019. This is How AI Bias Really Happens. MIT Technology Rev. (2019).  K. Hao. 2019. This is How AI Bias Really Happens. MIT Technology Rev. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Study finds bias in commercial AI systems. MIT News","author":"Hardesty L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"L. Hardesty . 2018. Study finds bias in commercial AI systems. MIT News ( 2018 ). L. Hardesty. 2018. Study finds bias in commercial AI systems. MIT News (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","unstructured":"D. Hassabis etal 2017. Asilomar AI Principles. Future of Life Institute (2017).  D. Hassabis et al. 2017. Asilomar AI Principles. Future of Life Institute (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"A. Hern. 16. Partnership on AI formed: GOOGL FB AMZ IBM. Guardian (16).  A. Hern. 16. Partnership on AI formed: GOOGL FB AMZ IBM. Guardian (16)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Data Prot. and Prvcy.","author":"Holland S.","unstructured":"S. Holland 20. Dataset Nutrt. Lab . In Data Prot. and Prvcy. Vol. 12 . 1--26. S. Holland et al. 20. Dataset Nutrt. Lab. In Data Prot. and Prvcy. Vol. 12. 1--26."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","unstructured":"S. Hooker etal 2020. Characterising Bias in Compressed Models. Arxiv (2020).  S. Hooker et al. 2020. Characterising Bias in Compressed Models. Arxiv (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. Hu etal 2019. Disparate Effects of Strategic Manipulation. In FAT*. 259--68.  L. Hu et al. 2019. Disparate Effects of Strategic Manipulation. In FAT * . 259--68.","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Microsoft's AI Bot TAY gets a crash course. The Guardian","author":"Hunt E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"E. Hunt . 2016. Microsoft's AI Bot TAY gets a crash course. The Guardian ( 2016 ). E. Hunt. 2016. Microsoft's AI Bot TAY gets a crash course. The Guardian (2016)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","unstructured":"IEEE Ethics of Automation and Intel. Sys. 17. Ethically Aligned Design v2. (17).  IEEE Ethics of Automation and Intel. Sys. 17. Ethically Aligned Design v2. (17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","unstructured":"Illinois General Assembly. 2020. Public Act 101-0260 https:\/\/www.ilga.gov\/.  Illinois General Assembly. 2020. Public Act 101-0260 https:\/\/www.ilga.gov\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","unstructured":"A. Jobin etal 19. Global landscape of AI ethics guidelns. Nature 1 (19) 389--99.  A. Jobin et al. 19. Global landscape of AI ethics guidelns. Nature 1 (19) 389--99."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2015.1023400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","unstructured":"S. Kar. 17. How Social Media decides Loan Credit. Econ. Times of India (17).  S. Kar. 17. How Social Media decides Loan Credit. Econ. Times of India (17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. Karppi etal 15. Soc. Med. Fin. Alg. Thr. Cult. 33 1 (15) 73--92.  T. Karppi et al. 15. Soc. Med. Fin. Alg. Thr. Cult. 33 1 (15) 73--92.","DOI":"10.1177\/0263276415583139"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"H. Kaur etal 20. Interpreting Interpretability. In ACM CHI. 14 pages pages.  H. Kaur et al. 20. Interpreting Interpretability. In ACM CHI. 14 pages pages."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","unstructured":"J. Kleinberg etal 17. Inhrnt Trade-offs inFair Detmn. Risk Sc. Inn.Theo.CS. (17).  J. Kleinberg et al. 17. Inhrnt Trade-offs inFair Detmn. Risk Sc. Inn.Theo.CS. (17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","volume-title":"The Apple Card Didn't 'See' Gender. Wired Magazine","author":"Knight W.","year":"2019","unstructured":"W. Knight . 2019. The Apple Card Didn't 'See' Gender. Wired Magazine ( 2019 ). W. Knight. 2019. The Apple Card Didn't 'See' Gender. Wired Magazine (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"Knowledge@Wharton. 2018. How Fintech Serves 'Invisible Prime' Borrower.  Knowledge@Wharton. 2018. How Fintech Serves 'Invisible Prime' Borrower."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Kurshan etal 2020. Towards Self-Regulating AI. ACM ICAIF (2020).  E. Kurshan et al. 2020. Towards Self-Regulating AI. ACM ICAIF (2020).","DOI":"10.1145\/3383455.3422564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","unstructured":"M. J. Kusner etal 2017. Counterfactual Fairness. Advances in NIPS 30 (2017).  M. J. Kusner et al. 2017. Counterfactual Fairness. Advances in NIPS 30 (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","first-page":"03037","article-title":"Multi-agent RL","volume":"1702","author":"Leibo J. Z.","year":"2017","unstructured":"J. Z. Leibo 2017 . Multi-agent RL in Seq. Soc. Dilemm. arXiv : 1702 . 03037 J. Z. Leibo et al. 2017. Multi-agent RL in Seq. Soc. Dilemm. arXiv:1702.03037","journal-title":"Seq. Soc. Dilemm. arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"New York Times","author":"Lieber R.","year":"2009","unstructured":"R. Lieber . 2009. AMEX Watched Where You Shopped. New York Times ( 2009 ). R. Lieber. 2009. AMEX Watched Where You Shopped. New York Times (2009)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. J. London. 19. AI & Black-Box Medcl. Decsn. Hastings Rep. 49 1 (19) 15--21.  A. J. London. 19. AI & Black-Box Medcl. Decsn. Hastings Rep. 49 1 (19) 15--21.","DOI":"10.1002\/hast.973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"D. Madras etal 18. Learning Adv'l Fair and Tr. Repr. PMLR 80 (18).  D. Madras et al. 18. Learning Adv'l Fair and Tr. Repr. PMLR 80 (18)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","unstructured":"M. Mann etal 19. Challenging Algorithmic Profiling. Big Dat. 6 2 (19) 1--11.  M. Mann et al. 19. Challenging Algorithmic Profiling. Big Dat. 6 2 (19) 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"K.E. Martin. 17. Ethical Issues in the Big Data Industry. MISQ.Exec 14 2 (17).  K.E. Martin. 17. Ethical Issues in the Big Data Industry. MISQ.Exec 14 2 (17)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_81_1","unstructured":"N. Mehrabi etal 2019. A Survey on Bias and Fairness in ML. arXiv:1908.09635  N. Mehrabi et al. 2019. A Survey on Bias and Fairness in ML. arXiv:1908.09635"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","unstructured":"S. Milli etal 2019. Social Cost of Strategic Classification. FAT* (2019) 230--9.  S. Milli et al. 2019. Social Cost of Strategic Classification. FAT * (2019) 230--9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","unstructured":"B. Mittelstadt. 19. Principles Alone Can't Guarantee Ethical AI. Nature (19).  B. Mittelstadt. 19. Principles Alone Can't Guarantee Ethical AI. Nature (19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Mnih etal 15. Hum.-lev. contr. thr. deep RL. Nature 518 7540 (15) 529--533.  V. Mnih et al. 15. Hum.-lev. contr. thr. deep RL. Nature 518 7540 (15) 529--533.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","volume-title":"Encyclopedia. Phil. Stanford.","author":"M\u00fcller V. C.","unstructured":"V. C. M\u00fcller . 2020. Ethics of AI and Robotics . In Encyclopedia. Phil. Stanford. V. C. M\u00fcller. 2020. Ethics of AI and Robotics. In Encyclopedia. Phil. Stanford."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","unstructured":"M. Murgia etal 19. How Big Tech is Struggling w. Ethics of AI. Fin.Tims. (19).  M. Murgia et al. 19. How Big Tech is Struggling w. Ethics of AI. Fin.Tims. (19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics. FAT*","author":"Narayanan A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Narayanan . 2018. 21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics. FAT* ( 2018 ). A. Narayanan. 2018. 21 Fairness Definitions and Their Politics. FAT* (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"OCC. 2020. Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Off. Comp. Curr. (2020).  OCC. 2020. Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. Off. Comp. Curr. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"OECD Report 2019. OECD Principles on AI. https:\/\/www.oecd.org  OECD Report 2019. OECD Principles on AI. https:\/\/www.oecd.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N. Papernot etal 2017. Black-Box Attacks Against ML. In ASIA CCS. 506--19.  N. Papernot et al. 2017. Black-Box Attacks Against ML. In ASIA CCS. 506--19.","DOI":"10.1145\/3052973.3053009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","unstructured":"L. Parrish etal 2018. Alternative Data Across Loan Life Cycle. Experian (2018).  L. Parrish et al. 2018. Alternative Data Across Loan Life Cycle. Experian (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3238230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Forging the Future. KPMG Report","author":"Pollari I","year":"2018","unstructured":"I Pollari and M Raisbeck . 2018. Forging the Future. KPMG Report ( 2018 ). I Pollari and M Raisbeck. 2018. Forging the Future. KPMG Report (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","volume-title":"A New Era for Credit Scoring. Un. Berkeley Report","author":"Prabhakar T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"T. Prabhakar . 2020. A New Era for Credit Scoring. Un. Berkeley Report ( 2020 ). T. Prabhakar. 2020. A New Era for Credit Scoring. Un. Berkeley Report (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","unstructured":"J. J. Prinz. 2007. Emotional Constr'n of Morals. Oxford U. Report.  J. J. Prinz. 2007. Emotional Constr'n of Morals. Oxford U. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","volume-title":"on Algor. Transp. and Accnt. ACM","author":"Public Policy Council","year":"2017","unstructured":"Public Policy Council . 2017. Statmt. on Algor. Transp. and Accnt. ACM ( 2017 ). Public Policy Council. 2017. Statmt. on Algor. Transp. and Accnt. ACM (2017)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","unstructured":"A. Ram and M. Murgia. 2019. Data Brokers. The Financial Times (2019).  A. Ram and M. Murgia. 2019. Data Brokers. The Financial Times (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Data Brokers: Transparency and Accountability.","author":"Ramirez E.","year":"2014","unstructured":"E. Ramirez 2014 . Data Brokers: Transparency and Accountability. (2014). E. Ramirez et al. 2014. Data Brokers: Transparency and Accountability. (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","volume-title":"Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion? FTC Report.","author":"Ramirez E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"E. Ramirez 2016 . Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion? FTC Report. E. Ramirez et al. 2016. Big Data: A Tool for Inclusion or Exclusion? FTC Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","volume-title":"SSRN","author":"Rea S. C.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. C. Rea . 2020 . A Survey of Fair and Responsible ML and AI , SSRN , 2020. S. C. Rea. 2020. A Survey of Fair and Responsible ML and AI, SSRN, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","unstructured":"FTC Report. 2015. FTC Charges Data Brokers with Helping Scammers. (2015).  FTC Report. 2015. FTC Charges Data Brokers with Helping Scammers. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","unstructured":"MIT Tech. Rev. 19. Google Image of house predicts car accident. MIT (19).  MIT Tech. Rev. 19. Google Image of house predicts car accident. MIT (19)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_103_1","unstructured":"T. Rostow. 17. What Happns W. Acquaintnc. Buys Yr. Data? Yale (17) 667--707.  T. Rostow. 17. What Happns W. Acquaintnc. Buys Yr. Data? Yale (17) 667--707."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_104_1","unstructured":"A. Roth etal 18. Snapshot of Frontiers of Fairness in ML. CACM 63 (18) 82--9.  A. Roth et al. 18. Snapshot of Frontiers of Fairness in ML. CACM 63 (18) 82--9."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_105_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"Stop Explaining Black Box ML. Nature","volume":"1","author":"Rudin C.","year":"2019","unstructured":"C. Rudin . 2019 . Stop Explaining Black Box ML. Nature , Arxiv 1 (2019), 206 -- 215 . C. Rudin. 2019. Stop Explaining Black Box ML. Nature, Arxiv 1 (2019), 206--15.","journal-title":"Arxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_106_1","unstructured":"S. Russel. 1997. Rationality and Intelligence. Springer Found. Rat. Agency (1997).  S. Russel. 1997. Rationality and Intelligence. Springer Found. Rat. Agency (1997)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_107_1","unstructured":"R. Sandler etal 2019. Building Data AI Ethics Comm'ts. Accenture (2019).  R. Sandler et al. 2019. Building Data AI Ethics Comm'ts. Accenture (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_108_1","unstructured":"D. Schiff etal 2020. What's Next for AI Eth. Polc. and Gov.?. In AIES. 153--8.  D. Schiff et al. 2020. What's Next for AI Eth. Polc. and Gov.?. In AIES. 153--8."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_109_1","unstructured":"J. T. Schoeps. 2019. Regulating AI in Banking. Deloitte Rep. (2019).  J. T. Schoeps. 2019. Regulating AI in Banking. Deloitte Rep. (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_110_1","unstructured":"SEC. 2019. SEC Proposes to Modernize Disclosures Under Regulation S-K.  SEC. 2019. SEC Proposes to Modernize Disclosures Under Regulation S-K."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. D. Selbst etal 2019. Fairness & Abstraction in Socio-Tech. Syst.. In FAT*.  A. D. Selbst et al. 2019. Fairness & Abstraction in Socio-Tech. Syst.. In FAT * .","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.3287598"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_112_1","unstructured":"T. Simonite. 2015. Dark Side of Google's Ad-Targeting Sys. MIT Tec. Rv. (2015).  T. Simonite. 2015. Dark Side of Google's Ad-Targeting Sys. MIT Tec. Rv. (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_113_1","volume-title":"AI Agents Startle Researchers","author":"Strickland E.","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Strickland . 2019. AI Agents Startle Researchers . IEEE Spectrum ( 2019 ). E. Strickland. 2019. AI Agents Startle Researchers. IEEE Spectrum (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_114_1","unstructured":"T. Sun etal 2019. Mitigating Gender Bias in NLP. In ACL Arxiv. 1630--40.  T. Sun et al. 2019. Mitigating Gender Bias in NLP. In ACL Arxiv. 1630--40."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_115_1","unstructured":"C. Szegedy etal 2014. Intriguing Properties of Neural Networks. In ICLR.  C. Szegedy et al. 2014. Intriguing Properties of Neural Networks. In ICLR."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_116_1","volume-title":"AI in Finance and Investing","author":"Trippi R. R.","unstructured":"R. R. Trippi . 1995. AI in Finance and Investing . McGraw-Hill , ISBN1557388687. R. R. Trippi. 1995. AI in Finance and Investing. McGraw-Hill, ISBN1557388687."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_117_1","unstructured":"S. Tsirtsis etal 20. Decsns. Cnt.fact'l Explnt. Adv. NIPS 33 (20) 16749--60.  S. Tsirtsis et al. 20. Decsns. Cnt.fact'l Explnt. Adv. NIPS 33 (20) 16749--60."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_118_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"An FDA for Algorithms","volume":"69","author":"Tutt A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"A. Tutt . 2016 . An FDA for Algorithms . Adm. Law Rev. 69 , 1 (2016), 83 -- 123 . A. Tutt. 2016. An FDA for Algorithms. Adm. Law Rev. 69, 1 (2016), 83--123.","journal-title":"Adm. Law Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Vanderelst etal 2018. The dark side of ethical robots. In AIES. 317--22.  D. Vanderelst et al. 2018. The dark side of ethical robots. In AIES. 317--22.","DOI":"10.1145\/3278721.3278726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_121_1","unstructured":"M. Veale etal 2021. Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Arxiv:2107.03721 (2021).  M. Veale et al. 2021. Demystifying the Draft EU AI Act. Arxiv:2107.03721 (2021)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_122_1","unstructured":"C. V\u00e9liz. 19. 3 Things Dig. Eth. Can Learn fr. Medic. Nature 2 8 (19) 316--8.  C. V\u00e9liz. 19. 3 Things Dig. Eth. Can Learn fr. Medic. Nature 2 8 (19) 316--8."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_123_1","first-page":"367","article-title":"Affnty","volume":"35","author":"Wachter S.","year":"2020","unstructured":"S. Wachter . 2020 . Affnty . Profl. and Discr. Berk Tech. Law J. 35 , 2 (2020), 367 -- 430 . S. Wachter. 2020. Affnty. Profl. and Discr. Berk Tech. Law J. 35, 2 (2020), 367--430.","journal-title":"Profl. and Discr. Berk Tech. Law J."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_124_1","volume-title":"Google's Ethics Board Shut Down. BBC News","author":"Wakefield J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Wakefield . 2019. Google's Ethics Board Shut Down. BBC News ( 2019 ). J. Wakefield. 2019. Google's Ethics Board Shut Down. BBC News (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_125_1","first-page":"565","article-title":"Machine Morality","volume":"22","author":"Wallach W.","year":"2008","unstructured":"W. Wallach 2008 . Machine Morality . Semantic Scholar 22 (2008), 565 -- 582 . W. Wallach et al. 2008. Machine Morality. Semantic Scholar 22 (2008), 565--582.","journal-title":"Semantic Scholar"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. Wallach and J. Allen. 2008. Moral Machines. Oxford Un. ISBN9780195374049.  W. Wallach and J. Allen. 2008. Moral Machines. Oxford Un. ISBN9780195374049.","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195374049.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_127_1","unstructured":"S. M. West etal 2019. Discriminating Systems. AI Now Institute Report (2019).  S. M. West et al. 2019. Discriminating Systems. AI Now Institute Report (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_128_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"What-If Tool","volume":"99","author":"Wexler J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Wexler 2019 . What-If Tool . IEEE T. Vis. Comp. Gr. 99 , 1 (2019), 56 -- 65 . J. Wexler et al. 2019. What-If Tool. IEEE T. Vis. Comp. Gr. 99, 1 (2019), 56--65.","journal-title":"IEEE T. Vis. Comp. Gr."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Winfield etal 2018. Ethicl Gov. is Essnt'l. Phil. Tr.. Roy. Soc. A 376 (2018).  A. Winfield et al. 2018. Ethicl Gov. is Essnt'l. Phil. Tr.. Roy. Soc. A 376 (2018).","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2018.0085"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_130_1","volume-title":"Regulators Must Issue AI Guidance. Amer. Banker","author":"Witkowski R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"R. Witkowski . 2019. Regulators Must Issue AI Guidance. Amer. Banker ( 2019 ). R. Witkowski. 2019. Regulators Must Issue AI Guidance. Amer. Banker (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_131_1","volume-title":"Shaping Future of AI Governance. WEF","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Economic Forum. 2019. Shaping Future of AI Governance. WEF ( 2019 ). World Economic Forum. 2019. Shaping Future of AI Governance. WEF (2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_132_1","unstructured":"World Economic Forum. 2020. Transforming Paradigms. WEF Reports (2020).  World Economic Forum. 2020. Transforming Paradigms. WEF Reports (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_133_1","unstructured":"Z. Xiong etal 2018. Practical Deep RL Appr. for Stock Trading. Arxiv (2018).  Z. Xiong et al. 2018. Practical Deep RL Appr. for Stock Trading. Arxiv (2018)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_134_1","unstructured":"R. V. Yampolskiy. 16. Taxnm. of Pathw to Dangerous AI. In AIES. 143--8.  R. V. Yampolskiy. 16. Taxnm. of Pathw to Dangerous AI. In AIES. 143--8."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S2705078520500034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_136_1","unstructured":"M. Young etal 2019. Beyond Open vs. Closed. ACM FACCT (2019) 191--200.  M. Young et al. 2019. Beyond Open vs. Closed. ACM FACCT (2019) 191--200."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_137_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3394520"}],"event":{"name":"ICAIF'21: 2nd ACM International Conference on AI in Finance","location":"Virtual Event","acronym":"ICAIF'21","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Second ACM International Conference on AI in Finance"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490354.3494408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3490354.3494408","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:30:42Z","timestamp":1750188642000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490354.3494408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":137,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3490354.3494408","10.1145\/3490354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3490354.3494408","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-04","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}