{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:11:48Z","timestamp":1789575108269,"version":"build-2803163510"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":108,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Israel","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3-15910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3-15910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016296","name":"Israel National Cyber Directorate","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016296","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003977","name":"Israel Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1504\/17 & 1443\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1504\/17 & 1443\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003977","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3490486.3538250","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T13:29:36Z","timestamp":1657718976000},"page":"65-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Blockchain Stretching & Squeezing: Manipulating Time for Your Best Interest"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Aviv","family":"Yaish","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saar","family":"Tochner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aviv","family":"Zohar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","unstructured":"Aave. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVx Aave. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Aave. 2022. Historical SUSD rates. https:\/\/app-v1.aave.com\/reserve-overview\/SUSD?pool=Aave Aave. 2022. Historical SUSD rates. https:\/\/app-v1.aave.com\/reserve-overview\/SUSD?pool=Aave"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","unstructured":"AaveWatch. 2022. Historical SUSD rates. https:\/\/v2.aavewatch.com\/market\/aave\/susd AaveWatch. 2022. Historical SUSD rates. https:\/\/v2.aavewatch.com\/market\/aave\/susd"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"AaveWatch. 2022. Historical USDT rates. https:\/\/v2.aavewatch.com\/market\/aave\/usdt AaveWatch. 2022. Historical USDT rates. https:\/\/v2.aavewatch.com\/market\/aave\/usdt"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Timed Signatures and Zero-Knowledge Proofs-Timestamping in the Blockchain Era-. In International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security","author":"Abadi Aydin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aydin Abadi , Michele Ciampi , Aggelos Kiayias , and Vassilis Zikas . 2020 . Timed Signatures and Zero-Knowledge Proofs-Timestamping in the Blockchain Era-. In International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security (2020). Springer, Springer International Publishing, 335--354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--57808--4_17 10.1007\/978--3-030--57808--4_17 Aydin Abadi, Michele Ciampi, Aggelos Kiayias, and Vassilis Zikas. 2020. Timed Signatures and Zero-Knowledge Proofs-Timestamping in the Blockchain Era-. In International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security (2020). Springer, Springer International Publishing, 335--354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--57808--4_17"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_6_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarah Azouvi and Alexander Hicks. 2020. SoK: Tools for Game Theoretic Models of Security for Cryptocurrencies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/58320208.8e7f4fab arXiv:cs.CR\/1905.08595 10.21428\/58320208.8e7f4fab","DOI":"10.21428\/58320208.8e7f4fab"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_6_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarah Azouvi and Alexander Hicks. 2020. SoK: Tools for Game Theoretic Models of Security for Cryptocurrencies. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/58320208.8e7f4fab arXiv:cs.CR\/1905.08595","DOI":"10.21428\/58320208.8e7f4fab"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","first-page":"838","article-title":"Ouroboros Chronos: Permissionless Clock Synchronization via Proof-of-Stake","volume":"2019","author":"Badertscher Christian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christian Badertscher , Peter Gazi , Aggelos Kiayias , Alexander Russell , and Vassilis Zikas . 2019 . Ouroboros Chronos: Permissionless Clock Synchronization via Proof-of-Stake . IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2019 (2019), 838 . https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2019\/838 Christian Badertscher, Peter Gazi, Aggelos Kiayias, Alexander Russell, and Vassilis Zikas. 2019. Ouroboros Chronos: Permissionless Clock Synchronization via Proof-of-Stake. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2019 (2019), 838. https:\/\/eprint.iacr.org\/2019\/838","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-63958-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Bobtail: Improved Blockchain Security with Low-Variance Mining. In ISOC Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (2020","author":"Bissias George","year":"2020","unstructured":"George Bissias and Brian N Levine . 2020 . Bobtail: Improved Blockchain Security with Low-Variance Mining. In ISOC Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (2020 ). Internet Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss. 2020.23095 10.14722\/ndss.2020.23095 George Bissias and Brian N Levine. 2020. Bobtail: Improved Blockchain Security with Low-Variance Mining. In ISOC Network and Distributed System Security Symposium (2020). Internet Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss.2020.23095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology","author":"Bissias George","year":"1907","unstructured":"George Bissias , David Thibodeau , and Brian N Levine . 2019. Bonded mining: Difficulty adjustment by miner commitment . In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology . Springer , 372--390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--31500--9_24 arXiv:cs.CR\/ 1907 .00302 10.1007\/978--3-030--31500--9_24 George Bissias, David Thibodeau, and Brian N Levine. 2019. Bonded mining: Difficulty adjustment by miner commitment. In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology. Springer, 372--390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--31500--9_24 arXiv:cs.CR\/1907.00302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"BitInfoCharts. 2022. Bitcoin Ethereum Dogecoin XRP Ethereum Classic Litecoin Monero Bitcoin Cash Zcash Bitcoin Gold Hashrate historical chart. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220522122528\/https:\/\/bitinfocharts.com\/comparison\/hashrate-btc-eth-doge-xrp-etc-ltc-xmr-bch-zec-btg.html#3y BitInfoCharts. 2022. Bitcoin Ethereum Dogecoin XRP Ethereum Classic Litecoin Monero Bitcoin Cash Zcash Bitcoin Gold Hashrate historical chart. https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220522122528\/https:\/\/bitinfocharts.com\/comparison\/hashrate-btc-eth-doge-xrp-etc-ltc-xmr-bch-zec-btg.html#3y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-4858(18)30006-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-53357-4_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2015.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"R. Bowden H. P. Keeler A. E. Krzesinski and P. G. Taylor. 2018. Block arrivals in the Bitcoin blockchain. ArXiv e-prints (Jan. 2018). arXiv:cs.CR\/1801.07447 R. Bowden H. P. Keeler A. E. Krzesinski and P. G. Taylor. 2018. Block arrivals in the Bitcoin blockchain. ArXiv e-prints (Jan. 2018). arXiv:cs.CR\/1801.07447"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and the Blockchain. Working Paper 24717","author":"Budish Eric","unstructured":"Eric Budish . 2018. The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and the Blockchain. Working Paper 24717 . National Bureau of Economic Research . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w24717 10.3386\/w24717 Eric Budish. 2018. The Economic Limits of Bitcoin and the Blockchain. Working Paper 24717. National Bureau of Economic Research. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w24717"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_17_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huashan Chen Marcus Pendleton Laurent Njilla and Shouhuai Xu. 2019. A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities Attacks and Defenses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3391195 arXiv:cs.CR\/1908.04507 10.1145\/3391195","DOI":"10.1145\/3391195"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_17_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huashan Chen Marcus Pendleton Laurent Njilla and Shouhuai Xu. 2019. A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities Attacks and Defenses. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3391195 arXiv:cs.CR\/1908.04507","DOI":"10.1145\/3391195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Competitive Equilibria Between Staking and On-chain Lending. Cryptoeconomic Systems 0, 1 (5 4","author":"Chitra Tarun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tarun Chitra . 2021. Competitive Equilibria Between Staking and On-chain Lending. Cryptoeconomic Systems 0, 1 (5 4 2021 ). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/58320208.9ce1cd26 https:\/\/cryptoeconomicsystems.pubpub.org\/pub\/chitra-staking-lending-equilibria. 10.21428\/58320208.9ce1cd26 Tarun Chitra. 2021. Competitive Equilibria Between Staking and On-chain Lending. Cryptoeconomic Systems 0, 1 (5 4 2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21428\/58320208.9ce1cd26 https:\/\/cryptoeconomicsystems.pubpub.org\/pub\/chitra-staking-lending-equilibria."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_19_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarun Chitra and Alex Evans. 2020. Why Stake When You Can Borrow? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3629988 arXiv:q-fin.GN\/2006.11156 10.2139\/ssrn.3629988","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3629988"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_19_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarun Chitra and Alex Evans. 2020. Why Stake When You Can Borrow? https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3629988 arXiv:q-fin.GN\/2006.11156","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3629988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Asset pricing: Revised edition","author":"Cochrane John H","unstructured":"John H Cochrane . 2009. Asset pricing: Revised edition . Princeton university press . John H Cochrane. 2009. Asset pricing: Revised edition. Princeton university press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Compound. 2020. Interface of interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVF Compound. 2020. Interface of interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"Compound. 2021. Interest accrual function. https:\/\/git.io\/JP5Ao Compound. 2021. Interest accrual function. https:\/\/git.io\/JP5Ao"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhaa040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon Cousaert Jiahua Xu and Toshiko Matsui. 2021. SoK: Yield Aggregators in DeFi. arXiv:q-fin.PM\/2105.13891 Simon Cousaert Jiahua Xu and Toshiko Matsui. 2021. SoK: Yield Aggregators in DeFi. arXiv:q-fin.PM\/2105.13891","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBC54727.2022.9805523"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"On the Profitability of Selfish Mining Against Multiple Difficulty Adjustment Algorithms","volume":"2020","author":"Davidson Michael","year":"2020","unstructured":"Michael Davidson , Tyler Diamond , 2020 . On the Profitability of Selfish Mining Against Multiple Difficulty Adjustment Algorithms . IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2020 (2020), 94 . Michael Davidson, Tyler Diamond, et al. 2020. On the Profitability of Selfish Mining Against Multiple Difficulty Adjustment Algorithms. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2020 (2020), 94.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2901858"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01450498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Pindyck","author":"Dixit Avinash K.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Avinash K. Dixit and Robert S . Pindyck . 1994 . Investment under Uncertainty. Number 5474 in Economics Books. Princeton University Press . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctt7sncv 10.2307\/j.ctt7sncv Avinash K. Dixit and Robert S. Pindyck. 1994. Investment under Uncertainty. Number 5474 in Economics Books. Princeton University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctt7sncv"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"dYdX. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVA dYdX. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVA"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_31_1.1","unstructured":"Shayan Eskandari Seyedehmahsa Moosavi and Jeremy Clark. 2019. SoK: Transparent Dishonesty: front-running attacks on Blockchain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--43725--1_13 arXiv:cs.CR\/1902.05164 10.1007\/978--3-030--43725--1_13"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_31_1.2","unstructured":"Shayan Eskandari Seyedehmahsa Moosavi and Jeremy Clark. 2019. SoK: Transparent Dishonesty: front-running attacks on Blockchain. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3-030--43725--1_13 arXiv:cs.CR\/1902.05164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"Wanyun Catherine Gu, and Jeremy Clark","author":"Eskandari Shayan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shayan Eskandari , Mehdi Salehi , Wanyun Catherine Gu, and Jeremy Clark . 2021 . SoK: Oracles from the Ground Truth to Market Manipulation. Association for Computing Machinery , New York, NY, USA, 127--141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3479722.3480994 10.1145\/3479722.3480994 Shayan Eskandari, Mehdi Salehi, Wanyun Catherine Gu, and Jeremy Clark. 2021. SoK: Oracles from the Ground Truth to Market Manipulation. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 127--141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3479722.3480994"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2020. Block timestamps. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVd Ethereum. 2020. Block timestamps. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVd"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2020. Miners sleep when receiving blocks with future timestamps. https:\/\/git.io\/JEbTU Ethereum. 2020. Miners sleep when receiving blocks with future timestamps. https:\/\/git.io\/JEbTU"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2021. Geth's difficulty adjustment code. https:\/\/git.io\/JXuhA Ethereum. 2021. Geth's difficulty adjustment code. https:\/\/git.io\/JXuhA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Ethereum. 2021. Uncle timestamps are not verified. https:\/\/git.io\/JEbUb Ethereum. 2021. Uncle timestamps are not verified. https:\/\/git.io\/JEbUb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Ethernodes. 2021. The popularity of Ethereum clients. ethernodes.org. Ethernodes. 2021. The popularity of Ethereum clients. ethernodes.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 10 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0x66e803346833be1c4ebfe4546831815b542135d2ed2ebdff1cb099617ffc3025. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x66e803346833be1c4ebfe4546831815b542135d2ed2ebdff1cb099617ffc3025 Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 10 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0x66e803346833be1c4ebfe4546831815b542135d2ed2ebdff1cb099617ffc3025. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x66e803346833be1c4ebfe4546831815b542135d2ed2ebdff1cb099617ffc3025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 10 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0xf2b492d3c0e867e20797bf324f8872a3ab859a78912526d043c68bc66a1df607. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xf2b492d3c0e867e20797bf324f8872a3ab859a78912526d043c68bc66a1df607 Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 10 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0xf2b492d3c0e867e20797bf324f8872a3ab859a78912526d043c68bc66a1df607. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xf2b492d3c0e867e20797bf324f8872a3ab859a78912526d043c68bc66a1df607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 22 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0x6184d396660b62a55cf32c901a87ae9c3b35f4c7b06c7b1cb4dd91e124f5d1b9. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x6184d396660b62a55cf32c901a87ae9c3b35f4c7b06c7b1cb4dd91e124f5d1b9 Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 22 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0x6184d396660b62a55cf32c901a87ae9c3b35f4c7b06c7b1cb4dd91e124f5d1b9. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x6184d396660b62a55cf32c901a87ae9c3b35f4c7b06c7b1cb4dd91e124f5d1b9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 30 million USDC from Aave in transaction 0xe49deb4938e6e05bd93f2e8a75f2377a7ea22d1fff00191e1f5cb61b853e418f. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xe49deb4938e6e05bd93f2e8a75f2377a7ea22d1fff00191e1f5cb61b853e418f Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 30 million USDC from Aave in transaction 0xe49deb4938e6e05bd93f2e8a75f2377a7ea22d1fff00191e1f5cb61b853e418f. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xe49deb4938e6e05bd93f2e8a75f2377a7ea22d1fff00191e1f5cb61b853e418f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 50 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0xd8c70b8e0af06a8f81af7c4c8178c61a0d04ba1efeb539fb528f069d0f814484. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xd8c70b8e0af06a8f81af7c4c8178c61a0d04ba1efeb539fb528f069d0f814484 Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 50 million USDC from Aave in trasnaction 0xd8c70b8e0af06a8f81af7c4c8178c61a0d04ba1efeb539fb528f069d0f814484. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0xd8c70b8e0af06a8f81af7c4c8178c61a0d04ba1efeb539fb528f069d0f814484"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","unstructured":"Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 50 million USDT from Aave in transaction 0x162eaf5159ef453699750bc1dedc3b2e2100237db40bfd836cd7274aef35dfde. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x162eaf5159ef453699750bc1dedc3b2e2100237db40bfd836cd7274aef35dfde Etherscan. 2021. A single entity borrowed 50 million USDT from Aave in transaction 0x162eaf5159ef453699750bc1dedc3b2e2100237db40bfd836cd7274aef35dfde. https:\/\/etherscan.io\/tx\/0x162eaf5159ef453699750bc1dedc3b2e2100237db40bfd836cd7274aef35dfde"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","first-page":"436","article-title":"Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable, In International conference on financial cryptography and data security","volume":"61","author":"Eyal Ittay","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ittay Eyal and Emin G\u00fcn Sirer . 2014 . Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable, In International conference on financial cryptography and data security . Commun. ACM 61 , 7, 436 -- 454 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3212998 10.1145\/3212998 Ittay Eyal and Emin G\u00fcn Sirer. 2014. Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable, In International conference on financial cryptography and data security. Commun. ACM 61, 7, 436--454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3212998","journal-title":"Commun. ACM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","unstructured":"Ed Felten. 2020. Fighting censorship attacks on smart contracts. https:\/\/medium.com\/offchainlabs\/fighting-censorship-attacks-on-smart-contracts-c026a7c0ff02 Ed Felten. 2020. Fighting censorship attacks on smart contracts. https:\/\/medium.com\/offchainlabs\/fighting-censorship-attacks-on-smart-contracts-c026a7c0ff02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328526.3329630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"C.R.E.A.M. Finance. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JRugV C.R.E.A.M. Finance. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JRugV"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","unstructured":"Yearn Finance. 2020. Adjusted APR Oracle bug. https:\/\/git.io\/JM1BO Yearn Finance. 2020. Adjusted APR Oracle bug. https:\/\/git.io\/JM1BO"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","unstructured":"Yearn Finance. 2020. APR Oracle bug. https:\/\/git.io\/JM14Q Yearn Finance. 2020. APR Oracle bug. https:\/\/git.io\/JM14Q"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","unstructured":"Yearn Finance. 2021. Yearn Finance. https:\/\/yearn.finance Yearn Finance. 2021. Yearn Finance. https:\/\/yearn.finance"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/ethereum-org-website\/blob\/e98c23119c1514f46b2bcdcc8b2ea59154069bbd\/src\/content\/developers\/docs\/blocks\/index.md?plain=1#L57","author":"Foundation Ethereum","unstructured":"Ethereum Foundation . 2022. Blocks. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/ethereum-org-website\/blob\/e98c23119c1514f46b2bcdcc8b2ea59154069bbd\/src\/content\/developers\/docs\/blocks\/index.md?plain=1#L57 Ethereum Foundation. 2022. Blocks. https:\/\/github.com\/ethereum\/ethereum-org-website\/blob\/e98c23119c1514f46b2bcdcc8b2ea59154069bbd\/src\/content\/developers\/docs\/blocks\/index.md?plain=1#L57"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","unstructured":"Emilio Frangella. 2020. Crypto Black Thursday: The Good the Bad and the Ugly. https:\/\/medium.com\/aave\/crypto-black-thursday-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-7f2acebf2b83 Emilio Frangella. 2020. Crypto Black Thursday: The Good the Bad and the Ugly. https:\/\/medium.com\/aave\/crypto-black-thursday-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly-7f2acebf2b83"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46803-6_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2976749.2978341"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3328526.3329566"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"The Decentralized Financial Crisis. In Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology, CVCBT 2020","author":"Gudgeon Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis Gudgeon , Daniel Perez , Dominik Harz , Benjamin Livshits , and Arthur Gervais . 2020 . The Decentralized Financial Crisis. In Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology, CVCBT 2020 , Rotkreuz, Switzerland, June 11--12 , 2020. IEEE, 1--15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVCBT50464.2020.00005 10.1109\/CVCBT50464.2020.00005 Lewis Gudgeon, Daniel Perez, Dominik Harz, Benjamin Livshits, and Arthur Gervais. 2020. The Decentralized Financial Crisis. In Crypto Valley Conference on Blockchain Technology, CVCBT 2020, Rotkreuz, Switzerland, June 11--12, 2020. IEEE, 1--15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/CVCBT50464.2020.00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Liquidity and Market Efficiency. In AFT '20: 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies","author":"Gudgeon Lewis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewis Gudgeon , Sam Werner , Daniel Perez , and William J. Knottenbelt . 2020. DeFi Protocols for Loanable Funds: Interest Rates , Liquidity and Market Efficiency. In AFT '20: 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies , New York, NY, USA, October 21--23 , 2020 . ACM, 92--112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3419614.3423254 10.1145\/3419614.3423254 Lewis Gudgeon, Sam Werner, Daniel Perez, and William J. Knottenbelt. 2020. DeFi Protocols for Loanable Funds: Interest Rates, Liquidity and Market Efficiency. In AFT '20: 2nd ACM Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies, New York, NY, USA, October 21--23, 2020. ACM, 92--112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3419614.3423254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Samuel Haig. 2020. BTC hash rate slumps amid seasonal miner migration in China. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/btc-hash-rate-slumps-amid-seasonal-miner-migration-in-china Samuel Haig. 2020. BTC hash rate slumps amid seasonal miner migration in China. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/btc-hash-rate-slumps-amid-seasonal-miner-migration-in-china"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3419614.3423248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"SquirRL: Automating Attack Analysis on Blockchain Incentive Mechanisms with Deep Reinforcement Learning. In 28th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2021","author":"Hou Charlie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Charlie Hou , Mingxun Zhou , Yan Ji , Phil Daian , Florian Tramer , Giulia Fanti , and Ari Juels . 2021 . SquirRL: Automating Attack Analysis on Blockchain Incentive Mechanisms with Deep Reinforcement Learning. In 28th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2021 , virtually, February 21 --25 , 2021. The Internet Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss.2021.24188 10.14722\/ndss.2021.24188 Charlie Hou, Mingxun Zhou, Yan Ji, Phil Daian, Florian Tramer, Giulia Fanti, and Ari Juels. 2021. SquirRL: Automating Attack Analysis on Blockchain Incentive Mechanisms with Deep Reinforcement Learning. In 28th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2021, virtually, February 21--25, 2021. The Internet Society. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14722\/ndss.2021.24188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/restud\/rdab014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harold Jeffreys. 1998. The theory of probability. OUP Oxford. Harold Jeffreys. 1998. The theory of probability. OUP Oxford.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198503682.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Weippl","author":"Judmayer Aljosha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aljosha Judmayer , Alexei Zamyatin , Nicholas Stifter , Artemios G. Voyiatzis , and Edgar R . Weippl . 2017 . Merged Mining : Curse or Cure?. In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology - ESORICS 2017 International Workshops, DPM 2017 and CBT 2017, Oslo, Norway, September 14--15, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Joaqu\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Alfaro, Guillermo Navarro-Arribas, Hannes Hartenstein, and Jordi Herrera-Joancomart\u00ed (Eds.), Vol. 10436 . Springer , 316--333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--319--67816-0_18 10.1007\/978--3--319--67816-0_18 Aljosha Judmayer, Alexei Zamyatin, Nicholas Stifter, Artemios G. Voyiatzis, and Edgar R. Weippl. 2017. Merged Mining: Curse or Cure?. In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology - ESORICS 2017 International Workshops, DPM 2017 and CBT 2017, Oslo, Norway, September 14--15, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Joaqu\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Alfaro, Guillermo Navarro-Arribas, Hannes Hartenstein, and Jordi Herrera-Joancomart\u00ed (Eds.), Vol. 10436. Springer, 316--333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--319--67816-0_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-63688-7_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51280-4_29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Compound: The money market protocol.","author":"Leshner Robert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robert Leshner and Geoffrey Hayes . 2019 . Compound: The money market protocol. Robert Leshner and Geoffrey Hayes. 2019. Compound: The money market protocol."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Inclusive Block Chain Protocols","author":"Lewenberg Yoad","unstructured":"Yoad Lewenberg , Yonatan Sompolinsky , and Aviv Zohar . 2015. Inclusive Block Chain Protocols . In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Rainer Bohme and Tatsuaki Okamoto (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg , Berlin, Heidelberg , 528--547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--662--47854--7_33 arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--662--47854--7_33 10.1007\/978--3--662--47854--7_33 Yoad Lewenberg, Yonatan Sompolinsky, and Aviv Zohar. 2015. Inclusive Block Chain Protocols. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security, Rainer Bohme and Tatsuaki Okamoto (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 528--547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--662--47854--7_33 arXiv:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--662--47854--7_33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_68_1","unstructured":"Satterand Lynch and Cohen. 2022. US accuses couple of laundering $4.5 bln in bitcoin tied to 2016 hack. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/us-arrests-couple-allegedly-laundering-45-bln-crypto-tied-bitfinex-hack-2022-02-08\/ Satterand Lynch and Cohen. 2022. US accuses couple of laundering $4.5 bln in bitcoin tied to 2016 hack. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/technology\/us-arrests-couple-allegedly-laundering-45-bln-crypto-tied-bitfinex-hack-2022-02-08\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_69_1","unstructured":"Maker. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVN Maker. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVN"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology","author":"Meshkov Dmitry","unstructured":"Dmitry Meshkov , Alexander Chepurnoy , and Marc Jansen . 2017. Short paper: Revisiting difficulty control for blockchain systems . In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology . Springer , 429--436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--319--67816-0_25 10.1007\/978--3--319--67816-0_25 Dmitry Meshkov, Alexander Chepurnoy, and Marc Jansen. 2017. Short paper: Revisiting difficulty control for blockchain systems. In Data Privacy Management, Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technology. Springer, 429--436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--319--67816-0_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/smc.2017.8123011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_72_1","unstructured":"Miningpoolstats. 2022. Ethereum Mining Pools. https:\/\/miningpoolstats.stream\/ethereum Miningpoolstats. 2022. Ethereum Mining Pools. https:\/\/miningpoolstats.stream\/ethereum"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_73_1","unstructured":"Ayelet Mizrahi and Aviv Zohar. 2021. Congestion Attacks in Payment Channel Networks. arXiv:cs.CR\/2002.06564 Ayelet Mizrahi and Aviv Zohar. 2021. Congestion Attacks in Payment Channel Networks. arXiv:cs.CR\/2002.06564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51280-4_11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_75_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system.","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto . 2008 . Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_76_1","unstructured":"Bloomberg News. 2021. Bitcoin 'Hash Crash' Rebound Points to Miners Plugging Back In. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-03\/bitcoin-hash-crash-rebound-points-to-miners-plugging-back-in Bloomberg News. 2021. Bitcoin 'Hash Crash' Rebound Points to Miners Plugging Back In. https:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/articles\/2021-09-03\/bitcoin-hash-crash-rebound-points-to-miners-plugging-back-in"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/714445"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_78_1","unstructured":"DeFi Pulse. 2021. Historical Data. https:\/\/defipulse.com. DeFi Pulse. 2021. Historical Data. https:\/\/defipulse.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"CeFi vs. DeFi - Comparing Centralized to Decentralized Finance. CoRR abs\/2106.08157","author":"Qin Kaihua","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kaihua Qin , Liyi Zhou , Yaroslav Afonin , Ludovico Lazzaretti , and Arthur Gervais . 2021. CeFi vs. DeFi - Comparing Centralized to Decentralized Finance. CoRR abs\/2106.08157 ( 2021 ). arXiv:2106.08157 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2106.08157 Kaihua Qin, Liyi Zhou, Yaroslav Afonin, Ludovico Lazzaretti, and Arthur Gervais. 2021. CeFi vs. DeFi - Comparing Centralized to Decentralized Finance. CoRR abs\/2106.08157 (2021). arXiv:2106.08157 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2106.08157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_80_1","unstructured":"Kaihua Qin Liyi Zhou and Arthur Gervais. 2021. Quantifying Blockchain Extractable Value: How dark is the forest? arXiv:cs.CR\/2101.05511 Kaihua Qin Liyi Zhou and Arthur Gervais. 2021. Quantifying Blockchain Extractable Value: How dark is the forest? arXiv:cs.CR\/2101.05511"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_81_1.1","unstructured":"Kaihua Qin Liyi Zhou Benjamin Livshits and Arthur Gervais. 2020. Attacking the DeFi Ecosystem with Flash Loans for Fun and Profit. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--662--64322--8_1 arXiv:cs.CR\/2003.03810 10.1007\/978--3--662--64322--8_1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_81_1.2","unstructured":"Kaihua Qin Liyi Zhou Benjamin Livshits and Arthur Gervais. 2020. Attacking the DeFi Ecosystem with Flash Loans for Fun and Profit. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--3--662--64322--8_1 arXiv:cs.CR\/2003.03810"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_82_1","volume-title":"Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study","author":"Rauchs Michel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michel Rauchs and Garrick Hileman . 2017. Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study . Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge . https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:jbs:altfin: 2017 04-gcbs Michel Rauchs and Garrick Hileman. 2017. Global Cryptocurrency Benchmarking Study. Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, Cambridge Judge Business School, University of Cambridge. https:\/\/EconPapers.repec.org\/RePEc:jbs:altfin:201704-gcbs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain-and Smart Contract-based Financial Markets. Available at SSRN 3571335 103, 2 (April","author":"Sch\u00e4r Fabian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fabian Sch\u00e4r . 2021 . Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain-and Smart Contract-based Financial Markets. Available at SSRN 3571335 103, 2 (April 2021), 153--174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20955\/r.103.153--74 10.20955\/r.103.153--74 Fabian Sch\u00e4r. 2021. Decentralized Finance: On Blockchain-and Smart Contract-based Financial Markets. Available at SSRN 3571335 103, 2 (April 2021), 153--174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20955\/r.103.153--74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoneco.2019.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40854-016-0045-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_86_1","volume-title":"Impact of Geo-Distribution and Mining Pools on Blockchains: A Study of Ethereum. In 2020 50th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). 245--252","author":"Silva Paulo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Paulo Silva , David Vavricka , Jo\u00e3o Barreto , and Miguel Matos . 2020 . Impact of Geo-Distribution and Mining Pools on Blockchains: A Study of Ethereum. In 2020 50th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). 245--252 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSN48063.2020.00041 10.1109\/DSN48063.2020.00041 Paulo Silva, David Vavricka, Jo\u00e3o Barreto, and Miguel Matos. 2020. Impact of Geo-Distribution and Mining Pools on Blockchains: A Study of Ethereum. In 2020 50th Annual IEEE\/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN). 245--252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/DSN48063.2020.00041"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_87_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael Sockin and Wei Xiong. 2020. A Model of Cryptocurrencies. Working Paper 26816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w26816 10.3386\/w26816","DOI":"10.3386\/w26816"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_1_87_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael Sockin and Wei Xiong. 2020. A Model of Cryptocurrencies. Working Paper 26816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w26816","DOI":"10.3386\/w26816"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_88_1","unstructured":"Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2016. Bitcoin's Security Model Revisited. arXiv:cs.CR\/1605.09193 Yonatan Sompolinsky and Aviv Zohar. 2016. Bitcoin's Security Model Revisited. arXiv:cs.CR\/1605.09193"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_89_1","unstructured":"Sovryn. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JtUlT Sovryn. 2020. Interest model. https:\/\/git.io\/JtUlT"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Cryptography: theory and practice","author":"Stinson Douglas R","unstructured":"Douglas R Stinson . 2005. Cryptography: theory and practice . Chapman and Hall\/CRC. Douglas R Stinson. 2005. Cryptography: theory and practice. Chapman and Hall\/CRC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVCBT.2018.00018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/NTMS49979.2021.9432675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_93_1","volume-title":"Article arXiv:1805.05288 (May","author":"Tsabary Itay","year":"2018","unstructured":"Itay Tsabary and Ittay Eyal . 2018. The Gap Game. arXiv e-prints , Article arXiv:1805.05288 (May 2018 ), arXiv:1805.05288 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3211890.3211905 arXiv:cs.CR\/1805.05288 10.1145\/3211890.3211905 Itay Tsabary and Ittay Eyal. 2018. The Gap Game. arXiv e-prints, Article arXiv:1805.05288 (May 2018), arXiv:1805.05288 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3211890.3211905 arXiv:cs.CR\/1805.05288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_94_1","unstructured":"Itay Tsabary Alexander Spiegelman and Ittay Eyal. 2021. Tuning PoW with Hybrid Expenditure. arXiv:cs.CR\/1911.04124 Itay Tsabary Alexander Spiegelman and Ittay Eyal. 2021. Tuning PoW with Hybrid Expenditure. arXiv:cs.CR\/1911.04124"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_95_1","volume-title":"An Overview of Blockchain Security Analysis. In China Cyber Security Annual Conference. Springer, Springer Singapore, 55--72","author":"Wang Hai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hai Wang , Yong Wang , Zigang Cao , Zhen Li , and Gang Xiong . 2018 . An Overview of Blockchain Security Analysis. In China Cyber Security Annual Conference. Springer, Springer Singapore, 55--72 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--981--13--6621--5_5 10.1007\/978--981--13--6621--5_5 Hai Wang, Yong Wang, Zigang Cao, Zhen Li, and Gang Xiong. 2018. An Overview of Blockchain Security Analysis. In China Cyber Security Annual Conference. Springer, Springer Singapore, 55--72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978--981--13--6621--5_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_96_1","first-page":"22328","article-title":"A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks","volume":"7","author":"Wang Wenbo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wenbo Wang , Dinh Thai Hoang , Peizhao Hu , Zehui Xiong , Dusit Niyato , Ping Wang , Yonggang Wen , and Dong In Kim . 2019 . A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks . IEEE 7 (2019), 22328 -- 22370 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108 arXiv:1805.02707 10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108 Wenbo Wang, Dinh Thai Hoang, Peizhao Hu, Zehui Xiong, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, Yonggang Wen, and Dong In Kim. 2019. A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining strategy management in blockchain networks. IEEE 7 (2019), 22328--22370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2896108 arXiv:1805.02707","journal-title":"IEEE"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_97_1","volume-title":"Knottenbelt","author":"Werner Sam M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sam M. Werner , Dragos I. Ilie , Iain Stewart , and William J . Knottenbelt . 2020 . Unstable Throughput : When the Difficulty Algorithm Breaks . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icbc51069.2021.9461086 arXiv:cs.CR\/2006.03044 10.1109\/icbc51069.2021.9461086 Sam M. Werner, Dragos I. Ilie, Iain Stewart, and William J. Knottenbelt. 2020. Unstable Throughput: When the Difficulty Algorithm Breaks. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/icbc51069.2021.9461086 arXiv:cs.CR\/2006.03044"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_98_1","volume-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151","author":"Gavin Wood","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gavin Wood et al. 2014 . Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151 , 2014 (2014), 1--32. Gavin Wood et al. 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151, 2014 (2014), 1--32."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_99_1","unstructured":"wow. 2020. AAVE Protocol Whitepaper V2.0. arXiv:https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVx https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVx wow. 2020. AAVE Protocol Whitepaper V2.0. arXiv:https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVx https:\/\/git.io\/JLQVx"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_100_1","unstructured":"Aviv Yaish and Aviv Zohar. 2020. Pricing ASICs for Cryptocurrency Mining. arXiv:2002.11064 Aviv Yaish and Aviv Zohar. 2020. Pricing ASICs for Cryptocurrency Mining. arXiv:2002.11064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00086"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_102_1","volume-title":"On the Just-In-Time Discovery of Profit-Generating Transactions in DeFi Protocols. CoRR abs\/2103.02228","author":"Zhou Liyi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liyi Zhou , Kaihua Qin , Antoine Cully , Benjamin Livshits , and Arthur Gervais . 2021. On the Just-In-Time Discovery of Profit-Generating Transactions in DeFi Protocols. CoRR abs\/2103.02228 ( 2021 ). arXiv:2103.02228 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.02228 Liyi Zhou, Kaihua Qin, Antoine Cully, Benjamin Livshits, and Arthur Gervais. 2021. On the Just-In-Time Discovery of Profit-Generating Transactions in DeFi Protocols. CoRR abs\/2103.02228 (2021). arXiv:2103.02228 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2103.02228"}],"event":{"name":"EC '22: The 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","location":"Boulder CO USA","acronym":"EC '22","sponsor":["SIGecom Special Interest Group on Economics and Computation"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490486.3538250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3490486.3538250","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:31:04Z","timestamp":1750188664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490486.3538250"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"references-count":108,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3490486.3538250","10.1145\/3490486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3490486.3538250","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}