{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T01:56:09Z","timestamp":1781661369203,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":41,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]],"date-time":"2022-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3490486.3538281","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T13:29:36Z","timestamp":1657718976000},"page":"1018-1039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Efficient Capacity Provisioning for Firms with Multiple Locations: The Case of the Public Cloud"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Hummel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOMW.2012.6193479"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","first-page":"4","article-title":"Food prices in relation to income levels in New York City","volume":"44","author":"Alcaly Roger E.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Roger E. Alcaly and Alvin K. Klevorick . 1971 . Food prices in relation to income levels in New York City . Journal of Business 44 , 4 (Oct. 1971), 380--397. Roger E. Alcaly and Alvin K. Klevorick. 1971. Food prices in relation to income levels in New York City. Journal of Business 44, 4 (Oct. 1971), 380--397.","journal-title":"Journal of Business"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The value of SKU rationalization in practice (the pooling effect under suboptimal inventory policies and nonnormal demand)","volume":"12","author":"Alfaro Jose A.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jose A. Alfaro and Charles J. Corbett . 2003 . The value of SKU rationalization in practice (the pooling effect under suboptimal inventory policies and nonnormal demand) . Production and Operations Management 12 , 1 (March 2003), 12--29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1937--5956.2003.tb00195.x 10.1111\/j.1937--5956.2003.tb00195.x Jose A. Alfaro and Charles J. Corbett. 2003. The value of SKU rationalization in practice (the pooling effect under suboptimal inventory policies and nonnormal demand). Production and Operations Management 12, 1 (March 2003), 12--29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1937--5956.2003.tb00195.x","journal-title":"Production and Operations Management"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . Azure geographies . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/global-infrastructure\/geographies\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. Azure geographies. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/global-infrastructure\/geographies\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . Azure reserved virtual machine instances . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/pricing\/reserved-vm-instances\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. Azure reserved virtual machine instances. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/pricing\/reserved-vm-instances\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . Discover, assess, and migrate Amazon Web Services (AWS) VMs to Azure . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/migrate\/tutorial-migrate-aws-virtual-machines\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. Discover, assess, and migrate Amazon Web Services (AWS) VMs to Azure. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/docs.microsoft.com\/en-us\/azure\/migrate\/tutorial-migrate-aws-virtual-machines\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . Linux virtual machines pricing . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/pricing\/details\/virtual-machines\/linux\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. Linux virtual machines pricing. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/pricing\/details\/virtual-machines\/linux\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . Products available by region . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/global-infrastructure\/services\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. Products available by region. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/global-infrastructure\/services\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . Virtual machines series . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/pricing\/details\/virtual-machines\/series\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. Virtual machines series. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/pricing\/details\/virtual-machines\/series\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Azure Microsoft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Microsoft Azure . 2022 . What is a virtual machine (VM) ? Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/overview\/what-is-a-virtual-machine\/ Microsoft Azure. 2022. What is a virtual machine (VM)? Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/overview\/what-is-a-virtual-machine\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3054186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","article-title":"Deconstructing Amazon EC2 Spot instance pricing","volume":"1","author":"Ben-Yehuda Orna Agmon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Orna Agmon Ben-Yehuda , Muli Ben-Yehuda , Assaf Schuster , and Dan Tsafrir . 2013 . Deconstructing Amazon EC2 Spot instance pricing . ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 1 , 3, Article 16 (Sept. 2013), 20 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2509413.2509416 10.1145\/2509413.2509416 Orna Agmon Ben-Yehuda, Muli Ben-Yehuda, Assaf Schuster, and Dan Tsafrir. 2013. Deconstructing Amazon EC2 Spot instance pricing. ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation 1, 3, Article 16 (Sept. 2013), 20 pages. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2509413.2509416","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Economics and Computation"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.1040.0303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/msom.1070.0153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-5956.2010.01134.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.2015.2204"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1765(03)00189-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1989.97"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600955"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","first-page":"276","article-title":"Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities","volume":"33","author":"Chung Chanjin","year":"1971","unstructured":"Chanjin Chung and Samuel L. Myers Jr . 1971 . Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities . Journal of the Operational Research Society 33 , 2 (1971), 276 -- 296 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745--6606.1999.tb00071.x 10.1111\/j.1745--6606.1999.tb00071.x Chanjin Chung and Samuel L. Myers Jr. 1971. Do the poor pay more for food? An analysis of grocery store availability and food price disparities. Journal of the Operational Research Society 33, 2 (1971), 276--296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745--6606.1999.tb00071.x","journal-title":"Journal of the Operational Research Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cloud pricing: the Spot market strikes back","volume":"68","author":"Dierks Ludwig","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ludwig Dierks and Sven Seuken . 2021 . Cloud pricing: the Spot market strikes back . Management Science 68 , 1 (Feb. 2021), 105--121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3907 10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3907 Ludwig Dierks and Sven Seuken. 2021. Cloud pricing: the Spot market strikes back. Management Science 68, 1 (Feb. 2021), 105--121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/mnsc.2020.3907","journal-title":"Management Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.25.5.498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"A brief history of cloud computing. Retrieved","author":"Foote Keith D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keith D. Foote . 2021. A brief history of cloud computing. Retrieved May 18 2022 from https:\/\/www.dataversity.net\/brief-history-cloud-computing\/ Keith D. Foote. 2021. A brief history of cloud computing. Retrieved May 18 2022 from https:\/\/www.dataversity.net\/brief-history-cloud-computing\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Market share: Enterprise public cloud services, worldwide","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gartner. 2021. Market share: Enterprise public cloud services, worldwide , 2020 . Technical Report. Gartner . Gartner. 2021. Market share: Enterprise public cloud services, worldwide, 2020. Technical Report. Gartner."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Forecast: Public cloud services, worldwide","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gartner. 2022 . Forecast: Public cloud services, worldwide , 2020--2026, 1Q22. Technical Report. Gartner . Gartner. 2022. Forecast: Public cloud services, worldwide, 2020--2026, 1Q22. Technical Report. Gartner."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07408170304399"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.40.4.804"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Hillger Brian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brian Hillger . 2017 . Price reductions on general purpose virtual machines . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/price-reductions-on-general-purpose-virtual-machines\/ Brian Hillger. 2017. Price reductions on general purpose virtual machines. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/price-reductions-on-general-purpose-virtual-machines\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-54110-4_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/caje.12317"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2016.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3327973"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Rural poor have less access to supermarkets, large grocery stores","volume":"13","author":"Kaufman Phil R.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Phil R. Kaufman . 1998 . Rural poor have less access to supermarkets, large grocery stores . Rural Development Perspectives 13 , 3 (Oct. 1998), 19--26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22004\/ag.econ.289786 10.22004\/ag.econ.289786 Phil R. Kaufman. 1998. Rural poor have less access to supermarkets, large grocery stores. Rural Development Perspectives 13, 3 (Oct. 1998), 19--26. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22004\/ag.econ.289786","journal-title":"Rural Development Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '16), Jacqueline Bourdeau, Jim A. Hendler, Roger Nkambou Nkambou, Ian Horrocks, and Ben Y. Zhao (Eds.)","volume":"25","author":"Kilcioglu Cinar","unstructured":"Cinar Kilcioglu and Justin M. Rao . 2016. Competition on price and quality in cloud computing . In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '16), Jacqueline Bourdeau, Jim A. Hendler, Roger Nkambou Nkambou, Ian Horrocks, and Ben Y. Zhao (Eds.) , Vol. 25 . International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Geneva, Switzerland, 1123--1132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2872427.2883043 10.1145\/2872427.2883043 Cinar Kilcioglu and Justin M. Rao. 2016. Competition on price and quality in cloud computing. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World Wide Web (WWW '16), Jacqueline Bourdeau, Jim A. Hendler, Roger Nkambou Nkambou, Ian Horrocks, and Ben Y. Zhao (Eds.), Vol. 25. International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Geneva, Switzerland, 1123--1132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2872427.2883043"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Why the poor may pay more for food: theoretical and empirical evidence","volume":"46","author":"Kunreuther Howard","year":"1973","unstructured":"Howard Kunreuther . 1973 . Why the poor may pay more for food: theoretical and empirical evidence . Journal of Business 46 , 3 (July 1973), 368--383. Howard Kunreuther. 1973. Why the poor may pay more for food: theoretical and empirical evidence. Journal of Business 46, 3 (July 1973), 368--383.","journal-title":"Journal of Business"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Food store types, availability, and cost of foods in a rural environment","volume":"107","author":"Liese Angela D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Angela D. Liese , Kristina E. Weis , Delores Pluto , Emily Smith , and Andrew Lawson . 2007 . Food store types, availability, and cost of foods in a rural environment . Journal of the American Dietic Association 107 , 11 (Nov. 2007), 1916--1923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jada.2007.08.012 10.1016\/j.jada.2007.08.012 Angela D. Liese, Kristina E. Weis, Delores Pluto, Emily Smith, and Andrew Lawson. 2007. Food store types, availability, and cost of foods in a rural environment. Journal of the American Dietic Association 107, 11 (Nov. 2007), 1916--1923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jada.2007.08.012","journal-title":"Journal of the American Dietic Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Shandilya Varun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Varun Shandilya . 2020 . Announcing the general availability of Azure Spot virtual machines . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/announcing-the-general-availability-of-azure-spot-virtual-machines\/ Varun Shandilya. 2020. Announcing the general availability of Azure Spot virtual machines. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/blog\/announcing-the-general-availability-of-azure-spot-virtual-machines\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Wang Shuang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shuang Wang , Jacob LaRiviere , and Aadharsh Kannan . 2020 . Spatial competition and missing data: an application to cloud computing . Retrieved May 18, 2022 from http:\/\/www.jacoblariviere.com\/papers\/WLK.pdf Shuang Wang, Jacob LaRiviere, and Aadharsh Kannan. 2020. Spatial competition and missing data: an application to cloud computing. Retrieved May 18, 2022 from http:\/\/www.jacoblariviere.com\/papers\/WLK.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.10.064"}],"event":{"name":"EC '22: The 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation","location":"Boulder CO USA","acronym":"EC '22","sponsor":["SIGecom Special Interest Group on Economics and Computation"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Conference on Economics and Computation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490486.3538281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3490486.3538281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:31:04Z","timestamp":1750188664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3490486.3538281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3490486.3538281","10.1145\/3490486"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3490486.3538281","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}