{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T23:19:08Z","timestamp":1776122348839,"version":"3.50.1"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":16,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3491101.3503720","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T16:49:48Z","timestamp":1651250988000},"page":"1-5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Outsourcing Artificial Intelligence: Responding to the Reassertion of the Human Element into Automation"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Mathew","family":"Iantorno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Doggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priyank","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Yujie Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication, Culture, Information, and Technology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Steup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Engineering, Indiana University Bloomington, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noopur","family":"Raval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Now Institute, New York University, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Khovanskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of California San Diego, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Industrial Relations and Human Resources, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anubha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information, University of Michigan, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Rotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Environmental and Urban Change, York University, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Ratto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2820026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media","author":"Roberts Sarah T.","unstructured":"Sarah T. Roberts . 2019. Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media . Yale University Press , London, England . Sarah T. Roberts. 2019. Behind the Screen: Content Moderation in the Shadows of Social Media. Yale University Press, London, England."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Grant Conor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conor Grant . 2019 Human-guided burrito bots raise questions about the future of robo-delivery. The Hustle. (3 June 2019) . Retrieved October 11, 2021 from https:\/\/thehustle.co\/kiwibots-autonomous-food-delivery\/ Conor Grant. 2019 Human-guided burrito bots raise questions about the future of robo-delivery. The Hustle. (3 June 2019). Retrieved October 11, 2021 from https:\/\/thehustle.co\/kiwibots-autonomous-food-delivery\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/9781478004455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312709338325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"AI, and Automation","author":"West Darrell M.","unstructured":"Darrell M. West . 2018. The Future of Work: Robots , AI, and Automation . Brookings Institution Press , Washington, D.C. Darrell M. West. 2018. The Future of Work: Robots, AI, and Automation. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Ghost work: how to stop Silicon Valley from building a new global underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","author":"Gray Mary L.","unstructured":"Mary L. Gray & Siddharth Suri . 2019. Ghost work: how to stop Silicon Valley from building a new global underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , Boston, Massachusetts . Mary L. Gray & Siddharth Suri. 2019. Ghost work: how to stop Silicon Valley from building a new global underclass. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, Massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","unstructured":"Precarity Lab. 2020. Technoprecarious. MIT Press Cambridge Massachusetts.  Precarity Lab. 2020. Technoprecarious. MIT Press Cambridge Massachusetts."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NAQ.0000000000000000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411764.3445278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"AI in context: The Labor of integrating new technologies. Policy report","author":"Mateescu Alexandra","unstructured":"Alexandra Mateescu & Madeline Clare Elish . 2019. AI in context: The Labor of integrating new technologies. Policy report . Data & Society, New York , New York . https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/ai-in-context\/ Alexandra Mateescu & Madeline Clare Elish. 2019. AI in context: The Labor of integrating new technologies. Policy report. Data & Society, New York, New York. https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/ai-in-context\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Ranjit Singh, Madeleine Clare Elish, & Jacob Metcalf.","author":"Moss Emanuel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Emanuel Moss , Elizabeth Anne Watkins , Ranjit Singh, Madeleine Clare Elish, & Jacob Metcalf. 2021 . Assembling accountability: Algorithmic impact assessment for the public interest. Policy report. Data & Society, New York, New York . https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/assembling-accountability-algorithmic-impact-assessment-for-the-public-interest\/ Emanuel Moss, Elizabeth Anne Watkins, Ranjit Singh, Madeleine Clare Elish, & Jacob Metcalf. 2021. Assembling accountability: Algorithmic impact assessment for the public interest. Policy report. Data & Society, New York, New York. https:\/\/datasociety.net\/library\/assembling-accountability-algorithmic-impact-assessment-for-the-public-interest\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3411763.3441331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/12255.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01972243.2011.583819"}],"event":{"name":"CHI '22: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","location":"New Orleans LA USA","acronym":"CHI '22","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491101.3503720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3491101.3503720","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:31:08Z","timestamp":1750188668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491101.3503720"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3491101.3503720","10.1145\/3491101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491101.3503720","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}