{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,18]],"date-time":"2025-06-18T04:17:44Z","timestamp":1750220264010,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"NSF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2007786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2007786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Commun. ACM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite widespread popularity, today's microwave ovens are limited in their cooking capabilities, given that they heat food blindly, resulting in a nonuniform and unpredictable heating distribution. We present software-defined cooking (SDC), a low-cost closed-loop microwave oven system that aims to heat food in a software-defined thermal trajectory. SDC achieves this through a novel high-resolution heat sensing and actuation system that uses microwave-safe components to augment existing microwaves. SDC first senses the thermal gradient by using arrays of neon lamps that are charged by the electromagnetic (EM) field a microwave produces. SDC then modifies the EM-field strength to desired levels by accurately moving food on a programmable turntable toward sensed hot and cold spots. To create a more skewed arbitrary thermal pattern, SDC further introduces two types of programmable accessories: A microwave shield and a susceptor. We design and implement one experimental test bed by modifying a commercial off-the-shelf microwave oven. Our evaluation shows that SDC can programmatically create temperature deltas at a resolution of 21\u00b0C with a spatial resolution of 3 cm without the programmable accessories, and 183\u00b0C with them. We further demonstrate how an SDC-enabled microwave can be enlisted to perform unexpected cooking tasks: Cooking meat and fat in bacon discriminatively and heating milk uniformly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3491196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T15:30:18Z","timestamp":1637335818000},"page":"95-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Software-defined cooking using a microwave oven"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Haojian","family":"Jin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}]},{"given":"Jingxian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}]},{"given":"Swarun","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"A brief history of the microwave oven - IEEE spectrum. https:\/\/spectrurn.ieee.org\/tech-history\/space-age\/a-brief-history-of-the-microwave-oven","author":"Ackerman E.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ackerman, E. A brief history of the microwave oven - IEEE spectrum. https:\/\/spectrurn.ieee.org\/tech-history\/space-age\/a-brief-history-of-the-microwave-oven, 2016. (Accessed on 02\/10\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/moor.1080.0330"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Mws microwave work station - product datasheet","author":"FISO Technologies Inc.","year":"2018","unstructured":"FISO Technologies Inc. Mws microwave work station - product datasheet, 2018. http:\/\/tech-quality.com\/images\/stories\/pdf\/OT\/mws.pdf. (Accessed on 11\/21\/2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"United States Department of Agriculture. Appendix a to compliance guidelines","author":"Food Safety","year":"1999","unstructured":"Food Safety and Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Appendix a to compliance guidelines, 1999. https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/Oa\/fr\/95033f-a.htm?redirecthttp=true. (Accessed on 02\/21\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2390776.2390788"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Things you shouldn't cook in a microwave | microwave safety","author":"Howell E.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Howell, E. Things you shouldn't cook in a microwave | microwave safety, 2013. https:\/\/www.livescience.com\/34406-microwave-safety-experiments.html. (Accessed on 03\/17\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3161199"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2493432.2493500"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Rf energy is finally cooking","author":"Manz B.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manz, B. Rf energy is finally cooking, 2017. https:\/\/www.mwrf.com\/community\/rf-energy-finally-cooking. (Accessed on 03\/15\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.1984.1132831"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. A. Singh and J. Zhu, eds.","volume":"54","author":"Pike-Burke C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pike-Burke, C., Grunewalder, S. Optimistic planning for the stochastic knapsack problem. In Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. A. Singh and J. Zhu, eds. Volume 54, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research. PMLR, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA, 2017, 1114--1122."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Great Hacks, and Good Food. O'Reilly","author":"Potter J..","year":"2016","unstructured":"Potter, J.. Cooking for Geeks: Real Science, Great Hacks, and Good Food. O'Reilly, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Demographic redirection","volume":"67","author":"Sloan A.E","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sloan, A.E. Demographic redirection. Food Tech. 67, 7 (2013), 38--49.","journal-title":"Food Tech."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3090090"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3322276.3322375"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Microwave ovens and food safety","author":"United States Department of Agriculture.","year":"2013","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture. Microwave ovens and food safety, 2013. https:\/\/www.fsis.usda.gov\/wps\/portal\/fsis\/topics\/food-safety-education\/get-answers\/food-safety-fact-sheets\/appliances-and-thermometers\/microwave-ovens-and-food-safety\/ct_index. (Accessed on 02\/14\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Microwave oven radiation safety standard","author":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration","year":"2017","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Microwave oven radiation safety standard, 2017. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/radiation-emittingproducts\/resourcesforyouradiationemittingproducts\/ucm252762.htm. (Accessed on 02\/10\/2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-008-0136-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9120\/39\/1\/006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19)","author":"Wang J.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhang, J., Saha, R., Jin, H., Kumar, S. Pushing the range limits of commercial passive rfids. In 16th USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI 19) (2019), USENIX Association, Boston, MA, 301--316."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Dielectric heating - Wikipedia","author":"Wikipedia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Dielectric heating - Wikipedia, 2018. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dielectric_heating. (Accessed on 09\/05\/2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"877","article-title":"Microwave Oven with a Turntable and Mode Stirrers","volume":"5","author":"Yu H.-S","year":"1999","unstructured":"Yu, H.-S. Microwave Oven with a Turntable and Mode Stirrers, US Patent 5,877,479, 2 1999.","journal-title":"US Patent"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173974"}],"container-title":["Communications of the ACM"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3491196","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3491196","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T19:30:56Z","timestamp":1750188656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491196"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3491196"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491196","relation":{},"ISSN":["0001-0782","1557-7317"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0001-0782"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1557-7317"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-19","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}