{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T16:13:31Z","timestamp":1781194411063,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n            One of the key obstacles to pervasive deployment of FPGA accelerators in data centers is their cumbersome programming model. Open source tooling is suggested as a way to develop alternative EDA tools to remedy this issue. Open source FPGA CAD tools have traditionally targeted academic hypothetical architectures, making them impractical for commercial devices. Recently, there have been efforts to develop open source back-end tools targeting commercial devices. These tools claim to follow an alternate data-driven approach that allows them to be more adaptable to the domain requirements such as faster compile time. In this paper, we present RWRoute, the first open source timing-driven router for UltraScale+ devices. RWRoute is built on the RapidWright framework and includes the essential and pragmatic features found in commercial FPGA routers that are often missing from open source tools. Another valuable contribution of this work is an open-source lightweight timing model with high fidelity timing approximations. By leveraging a combination of architectural knowledge, repeating patterns, and extensive analysis of Vivado timing reports, we obtain a slightly pessimistic, lumped delay model within 2% average accuracy of Vivado for UltraScale+ devices. Compared to Vivado, RWRoute results in a 4.9\u00d7 compile time improvement at the expense of 10%\n            <jats:bold>Quality of Results (QoR)<\/jats:bold>\n            loss for 665 synthetic and six real designs. A main benefit of our router is enabling fast partial routing at the back-end of a domain-specific flow. Our initial results indicate that more than 9\u00d7 compile time improvement is achievable for partial routing. The results of this paper show how such a router can be beneficial for a\n            <jats:italic>low touch<\/jats:italic>\n            flow to reduce dependency on commercial tools.\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3491236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T19:21:07Z","timestamp":1638213667000},"page":"1-27","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["RWRoute: An Open-source Timing-driven Router for Commercial FPGAs"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5879-6142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Flanders, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongstorn","family":"Maidee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xilinx Research Labs, San Jose, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Lavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xilinx Research Labs, Longmont, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Kaviani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xilinx Research Labs, San Jose, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Stroobandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ghent University, Flanders, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/647924.738755"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289602.3293997"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2650280.2650352"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2597889"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2684746.2689085"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2013.40"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc.2019. UltraScale Architecture and Product Data Sheet: Overview (DS890)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Xilinx Inc.2020. UltraScale Architecture Clocking Resources User Guide (UG572)."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2133429.2133431"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2018.00030"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289602.3293928"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2011.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPL.2019.00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2019.00018","volume-title":"2019 27th International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)","author":"Liu Leo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leo Liu, Jay Weng, and Nachiket Kapre. 2019. RapidRoute: Fast assembly of communication structures for FPGA overlays. In 2019 27th International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM). 61\u201364."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFPT47387.2019.00028"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/201310.201328"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MM.2020.2998435"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"RapidWright. 2021. https:\/\/github.com\/Xilinx\/RapidWright."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/775832.775936"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2019 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM)","author":"Shah D.","year":"2019","unstructured":"D. Shah, E. Hung, C. Wolf, S. Bazanski, D. Gisselquist, and M. Milanovic. 2019. Yosys+nextpnr: An open source framework from Verilog to bitstream for commercial FPGAs. In 2019 IEEE 27th Annual International Symposium on Field-Programmable Custom Computing Machines (FCCM). 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1950413.1950425"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"SymbiFlow. 2021. FPGA interchange schema definitions. https:\/\/github.com\/SymbiFlow\/fpga-interchange-schema."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3468044.3468047"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FPT.2013.6718378"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/FCCM.2019.00017"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICFPT51103.2020.00035"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","unstructured":"YosysHQ. 2021. nextpnr \u2013 a portable FPGA place and route tool. https:\/\/github.com\/YosysHQ\/nextpnr."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3174243.3174255"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yun Zhou Dries Vercruyce and Dirk Stroobandt. 2020. Accelerating FPGA routing through algorithmic enhancements and connection-aware parallelization. ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems 13 4 (2020) 26 pages.","DOI":"10.1145\/3406959"}],"container-title":["ACM Transactions on Reconfigurable Technology and Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3491236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:09:19Z","timestamp":1750183759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3491236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-7406","1936-7414"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-7406","type":"print"},{"value":"1936-7414","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}