{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:35:11Z","timestamp":1780457711826,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SFB 1119\u2014236615297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB 1119\u2014236615297"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digital Threats"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Secure messaging tools are an integral part of modern society. To understand users\u2019 security and privacy perceptions and requirements for secure group chat, we surveyed 996 respondents in the US and UK. Our results show that group chat presents important security and privacy challenges, some of which are not present in one-to-one chat. For example, users need to be able to manage and monitor group membership, establish trust for new group members, and filter content that they share in different chat contexts. We also find that respondents lack mechanisms for determining which tools are secure and instead rely on non-technical strategies for protecting their privacy\u2014for example, self-filtering and carefully tracking group membership.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>To better understand how these results relate to existing tools, we conduct cognitive walkthroughs (a form of expert usability review) for five popular group chat tools. Our results demonstrate that while existing tools address some items identified in our surveys, this support is partial and is insufficient in many cases. As such, there is a need for improved group chat tools that better align with user perceptions and requirements. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations on improving the security and usability of secure group chat.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3491265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T18:44:36Z","timestamp":1634323476000},"page":"1-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["User Perceptions of Security and Privacy for Group Chat"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"Oesch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruba","family":"Abu-Salma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumar","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Kr\u00e4mer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Ruoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Workshop and Usable Security","author":"Abu-Salma Ruba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruba Abu-Salma, Kat Krol, Simon Parkin, Victoria Koh, Kevin Kwan, Jazib Mahboob, Zahra Traboulsi, and M. Angela Sasse. 2017. The security blanket of the chat world: An analytic evaluation and a user study of Telegram. In Proceedings of the European Workshop and Usable Security. Internet Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet","author":"Abu-Salma Ruba","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruba Abu-Salma, Elissa M. Redmiles, Blase Ur, and Miranda Wei. 2018. Exploring user mental models of end-to-end encrypted communication tools. In Proceedings of the 8th USENIX Workshop on Free and Open Communications on the Internet."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.65","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","author":"Abu-Salma Ruba","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruba Abu-Salma, M. Angela Sasse, Joseph Bonneau, Anastasia Danilova, Alena Naiakshina, and Matthew Smith. 2017. Obstacles to the adoption of secure communication tools. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy. 137\u2013153."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"113","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Bai Wei","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wei Bai, Moses Namara, Yichen Qian, Patrick Gage Kelley, Michelle L. Mazurek, and Doowon Kim. 2016. An inconvenient trust: User attitudes toward security and usability tradeoffs for key-directory encryption systems. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 113\u2013130."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2003.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Paradox of the Active User","author":"Carroll John M.","year":"1987","unstructured":"John M. Carroll and Mary Beth Rosson. 1987. Paradox of the Active User. The MIT Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"1802","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security","author":"Cohn-Gordon Katriel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katriel Cohn-Gordon, Cas Cremers, Luke Garratt, Jon Millican, and Kevin Milner. 2018. On ends-to-ends encryption: Asynchronous group messaging with strong security guarantees. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 1802\u20131819."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"147","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Luca Alexander De","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alexander De Luca, Sauvik Das, Martin Ortlieb, Iulia Ion, and Ben Laurie. 2016. Expert and non-expert attitudes towards (secure) instant messaging. In Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 147\u2013157."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/EuroSP.2019.00037","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy","author":"Dechand Sergej","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sergej Dechand, Alena Naiakshina, Anastasia Danilova, and Matthew Smith. 2019. In encryption we don\u2019t trust: The effect of end-to-end encryption to the masses on user perception. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. 401\u2013415."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1125021.1125115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Values in Computing","author":"Dodier-Lazaro Steve","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steve Dodier-Lazaro, Ruba Abu-Salma, Ingolf Becker, and M. Angela Sasse. 2017. From paternalistic to user-centred security: Putting users first with value-sensitive design. In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Values in Computing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","article-title":"2021. K-modes Clustering","unstructured":"EverybodyWiki. 2021. K-modes Clustering. Retrieved August 30, 2021 from https:\/\/en.everybodywiki.com\/K-modes_clustering.","journal-title":"https:\/\/en.everybodywiki.com\/K-modes_clustering."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5170-5_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Data Protection: Coming of Age","author":"Finn Rachel L.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rachel L. Finn, David Wright, and Michael Friedewald. 2013. Seven types of privacy. In Proceedings of the European Data Protection: Coming of Age. S. Gutwirth, R. Leenes, P. de Hert, and Y. Poullet (Eds.), Springer, 3\u201332."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences","author":"Fischer Gerhand","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gerhand Fischer. 1991. Supporting learning on demand with design environments. In Proceedings of the International Conference on the Learning Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","article-title":"[n.d.]. Attachment Reminder :: Add-ons for Thunderbird","author":"Folkinshteyn Daniel","unstructured":"Daniel Folkinshteyn. [n.d.]. Attachment Reminder :: Add-ons for Thunderbird. Retrieved August 30, 2021 from https:\/\/addons.thunderbird.net\/en-US\/thunderbird\/addon\/attachment-reminder\/.","journal-title":"https:\/\/addons.thunderbird.net\/en-US\/thunderbird\/addon\/attachment-reminder\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security","author":"Gerber Nina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nina Gerber, Verena Zimmermann, Birgit Henhapl, Sinem Emer\u00f6z, and Melanie Volkamer. 2018. Finally Johnny can encrypt. But does this make him feel more secure? In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security. 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/587078.587080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2389.00246"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1145\/3213586.3225236","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization","author":"Hashavit Anat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Anat Hashavit, Naama Tepper, Inbal Ronen, Lior Leiba, and Amir D. N. Cohen. 2018. Implicit user modeling in group chat. In Proceedings of the 26th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization. 275\u2013280."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692026","article-title":"Privacy ethics in the age of disclosure: Sweden and America compared","volume":"26","author":"Hessler Richard M.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Richard M. Hessler. 1995. Privacy ethics in the age of disclosure: Sweden and America compared. The American Sociologist 26, 2 (1995), 35\u201353.","journal-title":"The American Sociologist"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/142750.142873"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1180875.1180956"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-624X(99)80001-X","article-title":"Is implementing the EU data protection directive in the United States irreconcilable with the first amendment?","volume":"16","author":"Kirtley Jane E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Jane E. Kirtley. 1999. Is implementing the EU data protection directive in the United States irreconcilable with the first amendment?Government Information Quarterly 16, 2 (1999), 87\u201391.","journal-title":"Government Information Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/97243.97279"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","volume-title":"Task-Centered User Interface Design: A Practical Introduction","author":"Lewis Clayton","year":"1993","unstructured":"Clayton Lewis and John Rieman. 1993. Task-Centered User Interface Design: A Practical Introduction."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12251"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222270406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"49","volume-title":"Proceedings of the LASER 2017 Learning from Authoritative Security Experiment Results Workshop","author":"Mauri\u00e9s Juan Ram\u00f3n Ponce","year":"2017","unstructured":"Juan Ram\u00f3n Ponce Mauri\u00e9s, Kat Krol, Simon Parkin, Ruba Abu-Salma, and M. Angela Sasse. 2017. Dead on arrival: Recovering from fatal flaws in email encryption tools. In Proceedings of the LASER 2017 Learning from Authoritative Security Experiment Results Workshop. 49\u201357."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2831143.2831169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.11.1.35.12567"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/259963.260531"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7373(92)90039-N","article-title":"Cognitive walkthroughs: A method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces","author":"Polson Peter G.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Peter G. Polson, Clayton Lewis, John Rieman, and Cathleen Wharton. 1992. Cognitive walkthroughs: A method for theory-based evaluation of user interfaces. Journal of Man-Machine Studies 36, 5 (1992), 741\u2013773.","journal-title":"Journal of Man-Machine Studies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/poq\/nfh008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","first-page":"415","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy","author":"R\u00f6sler Paul","year":"2018","unstructured":"Paul R\u00f6sler, Christian Mainka, and J\u00f6rg Schwenk. 2018. More is less: On the end-to-end security of group chats in Signal, Whatsapp, and Threema. In Proceedings of the IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy. 415\u2013429."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313761"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","first-page":"4298","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Ruoti Scott","year":"2016","unstructured":"Scott Ruoti, Jeff Andersen, Scott Heidbrink, Mark O\u2019Neill, Elham Vaziripour, Justin Wu, Daniel Zappala, and Kent Seamons. 2016. \u201cWe\u2019re on the same page\u201d: A usability study of secure email using pairs of novice users. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 4298\u20134308."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"211","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Ruoti Scott","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scott Ruoti, Tyler Monson, Justin Wu, Daniel Zappala, and Kent Seamons. 2017. Weighing context and trade-offs: How suburban adults selected their online security posture. In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 211\u2013228."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society","author":"Schliep Michael","year":"2019","unstructured":"Michael Schliep and Nicholas Hopper. 2019. End-to-end secure mobile group messaging with conversation integrity and deniability. In Proceedings of the ACM Workshop on Privacy in the Electronic Society. 55\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","article-title":"Human factors and usability-whence and whither? In","author":"Shackel Brian","year":"1985","unstructured":"Brian Shackel. 1985. Human factors and usability-whence and whither? InSoftware-Erqonomie\u201985: Mensch-Computer-lnteraktion. H.-J. Bullinger (Ed.), B. G. Teubner, 13-31.","journal-title":"Software-Erqonomie\u201985: Mensch-Computer-lnteraktion."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/41166073"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1177\/1103308817734512","article-title":"Always on my mind: How smartphones are transforming social contact among young Swedes","volume":"26","author":"Thulin Eva","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eva Thulin. 2018. Always on my mind: How smartphones are transforming social contact among young Swedes. Young 26, 5 (2018), 465\u2013483.","journal-title":"Young"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy","author":"Unger Nik","unstructured":"Nik Unger, Sergej Dechand, Joseph Bonneau, Sascha Fahl, Henning Perl, Ian Goldberg, and Matthew Smith. (2015). SoK: Secure messaging. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretai.2007.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Vance Anthony","year":"2019","unstructured":"Anthony Vance, David Eargle, Jeffrey L. Jenkins, C. Brock Kirwan, and Bonnie Brinton Anderson. 2019. The fog of warnings: How non-essential notifications blur with security warnings. In Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Workshop on Usable Security","author":"Vaziripour Elham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elham Vaziripour, Justin Wu, Reza Farahbakhsh, Kent Seamons, Mark O\u2019Neill, and Daniel Zappala. 2018. A survey of the privacy preferences and practices of Iranian users of telegram. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Usable Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Vaziripour Elham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elham Vaziripour, Justin Wu, Mark O\u2019Neill, Daniel Metro, Josh Cockrell, Timothy Moffett, Jordan Whitehead, Nick Bonner, Kent Seamons, and Daniel Zappala. 2018. Action needed! helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 47\u201362."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Vaziripour Elham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elham Vaziripour, Justin Wu, Mark O\u2019Neill, Jordan Whitehead, Scott Heidbrink, Kent Seamons, and Daniel Zappala. 2017. Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications. In Proceedings of the 13th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 29\u201347."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Wash Rick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rick Wash. 2010. Folk models of home computer security. In Proceedings of the 6th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 1\u201316."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","volume-title":"Usability Inspection Methods","author":"Wharton Cathleen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cathleen Wharton, John Rieman, Clayton Lewis, and Peter Polson. 1994. The cognitive walkthrough method: A practitioner\u2019s guide. In Usability Inspection Methods. J. Nielsen and R. Mack. (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 105\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","article-title":"Elbow Method (Clustering)","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Elbow Method (Clustering). [n. d.]. Retrieved August 30, 2021 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elbow_method_(clustering).","journal-title":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elbow_method_(clustering)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","article-title":"K-means Clustering","unstructured":"Wikipedia. K-means Clustering. [n. d.]. Retrieved August 30, 2021 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K-means_clustering.","journal-title":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K-means_clustering."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","article-title":"Silhouette (Clustering)","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Silhouette (Clustering). [n. d.]. Retrieved August 30, 2021 from https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silhouette_(clustering).","journal-title":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silhouette_(clustering)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Woodruff Allison","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allison Woodruff, Vasyl Pihur, Sunny Consolvo, Laura Brandimarte, and Alessandro Acquisti. 2014. Would a privacy fundamentalist sell their DNA for $1000... if nothing bad happened as a result? The westin categories, behavioral intentions, and consequences. In Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 1\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Wu Justin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Justin Wu, Cyrus Gattrell, Devon Howard, Jake Tyler, Elham Vaziripour, Daniel Zappala, and Kent Seamons. 2019. \u201cSomething isn\u2019t secure, but I\u2019m not sure how that translates into a problem\u201d: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal. In Proceedings of the 15th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","first-page":"395","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security","author":"Wu Justin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Justin Wu and Daniel Zappala. 2018. When is a tree really a truck? Exploring mental models of encryption. In Proceedings of the 14th USENIX Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security. 395\u2013409."}],"container-title":["Digital Threats: Research and Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3491265","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:09:20Z","timestamp":1750183760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3491265"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3491265"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3491265","relation":{},"ISSN":["2692-1626","2576-5337"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2692-1626","type":"print"},{"value":"2576-5337","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-08","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}