{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T17:45:51Z","timestamp":1778694351235,"version":"3.51.4"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":61,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3492323.3495577","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T18:36:51Z","timestamp":1644259011000},"page":"1-9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["SoK"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Connecticut"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Nixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerson Automation Solutions"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2886932"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"The rise of non fungible tokens - benefits, features, risks and scope. https:\/\/www.apptunix.com\/blog\/the-rise-of-non-fungible-tokens-benefits-features-risks-and-scope\/","year":"2021","unstructured":"Apptunix. The rise of non fungible tokens - benefits, features, risks and scope. https:\/\/www.apptunix.com\/blog\/the-rise-of-non-fungible-tokens-benefits-features-risks-and-scope\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61638-0_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","first-page":"193","volume-title":"Rodrigo PD Ferraz, and Ant\u00f4nio Ramalho-Filho. Interoperability among heterogeneous geographic objects. In Advances in Geoinformatics","author":"Azevedo Victor HM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Victor HM Azevedo, Margareth SP Meirelles, Rodrigo PD Ferraz, and Ant\u00f4nio Ramalho-Filho. Interoperability among heterogeneous geographic objects. In Advances in Geoinformatics, pages 193--202. Springer, 2007."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Nftracer: a non-fungible token tracking proof-of-concept using hyperledger fabric. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.04795","author":"Bal Mustafa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mustafa Bal and Caitlin Ner. Nftracer: a non-fungible token tracking proof-of-concept using hyperledger fabric. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.04795, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","first-page":"2","volume-title":"Ipfs-content addressed, versioned","author":"Benet Juan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Juan Benet. Ipfs-content addressed, versioned, p2p file system. arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561, 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"5 business use cases for nfts. https:\/\/whatis.techtarget.com\/feature\/5-business-use-cases-for-NFTs","author":"Bernstein Corinne","year":"2021","unstructured":"Corinne Bernstein. 5 business use cases for nfts. https:\/\/whatis.techtarget.com\/feature\/5-business-use-cases-for-NFTs, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien","author":"Borkowski Michael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael Borkowski, Christoph Ritzer, Daniel McDonald, and Stefan Schulte. Caught in chains: claim-first transactions for cross-blockchain asset transfers. Technische Universit\u00e4t Wien, Whitepaper, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice","author":"Aksoy Pinar \u00c7a\u011flayan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pinar \u00c7a\u011flayan Aksoy and Zehra \u00d6zkan \u00dcner. Nfts and copyright: challenges and opportunities. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens: Reshaping value chains in creative industries. Available at SSRN 3212662","author":"Chevet Sylve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sylve Chevet. Blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens: Reshaping value chains in creative industries. Available at SSRN 3212662, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Critical Blockchain Research Initiative (CBRI) Working Papers","author":"Chohan Usman W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Usman W Chohan. Non-fungible tokens: Blockchains, scarcity, and value. Critical Blockchain Research Initiative (CBRI) Working Papers, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3905\/jai.2018.20.3.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Counterfactual: Generalized state channels. Acessed: http:\/\/l4.ventures\/papers\/statechannels.pdf, 4:2019","author":"Coleman Jeff","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jeff Coleman, Liam Horne, and Li Xuanji. Counterfactual: Generalized state channels. Acessed: http:\/\/l4.ventures\/papers\/statechannels.pdf, 4:2019, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"What you need to know about non-fungible tokens (nfts). https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/advisor\/investing\/nft-non-fungible-token\/","author":"Conti Robyn","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robyn Conti and John Schmidt. What you need to know about non-fungible tokens (nfts). https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/advisor\/investing\/nft-non-fungible-token\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2535-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4842-2535-6_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Erc-721 non-fungible token standard","author":"Entriken William","year":"2018","unstructured":"William Entriken, Dieter Shirley, Jacob Evans, and Nastassia Sachs. Erc-721 non-fungible token standard. Ethereum Foundation, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Accessed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethereum. Eip-1155: Erc-1155 multi token standard. Accessed: July, 2021. https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-1155, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Accessed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethereum. Eip-721: Erc-721 non-fungible token standard. Accessed: July, 2021. https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/EIPS\/eip-721, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Erc-20 token standard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethereum. Erc-20 token standard. Accessed: July, 2021. https:\/\/ethereum.org\/tr\/developers\/docs\/standards\/tokens\/erc-20\/, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Accessed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ethereum. Ethereum improvement proposals. Accessed: July, 2021. https:\/\/eips.ethereum.org\/erc, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"cryptography, and copyright. AIPLA QJ, 47:219","author":"Evans Tonya M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tonya M Evans. Cryptokitties, cryptography, and copyright. AIPLA QJ, 47:219, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02351717"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_24_1","first-page":"337","volume-title":"OSDI","volume":"10","author":"Feldman Ariel J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ariel J Feldman, William P Zeller, Michael J Freedman, and Edward W Felten. Sporc: Group collaboration using untrusted cloud resources. In OSDI, volume 10, pages 337--350, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/f\/fungibility.asp","author":"Fungibility Jake FRANKENFIELD.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jake FRANKENFIELD. Fungibility. https:\/\/www.investopedia.com\/terms\/f\/fungibility.asp, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"A blockchain token taxonomy. https:\/\/heckerhut.medium.com\/a-blockchain-token-taxonomy-fadf5c56139a","author":"Glatz Florian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Florian Glatz. A blockchain token taxonomy. https:\/\/heckerhut.medium.com\/a-blockchain-token-taxonomy-fadf5c56139a, 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3212734.3212736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9973.2012.01761.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_1_29_1","first-page":"3724","article-title":"A future history of international blockchain standards","volume":"1","author":"Hyland-Wood David","year":"2018","unstructured":"David Hyland-Wood and Shahan Khatchadourian. A future history of international blockchain standards. The Journal of the British Blockchain Association, 1(1):3724, 2018.","journal-title":"The Journal of the British Blockchain Association"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21113822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Security tokens vs. utility tokens --- how different are they? https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/security-tokens-vs-utility-tokens-how-different-are-they-22d6be8901c2","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katalyse.io. Security tokens vs. utility tokens --- how different are they? https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/security-tokens-vs-utility-tokens-how-different-are-they-22d6be8901c2, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2018.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3088726"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCT.2019.8711021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3319535.3355503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_37_1","volume-title":"Why 2021 will be the year of non-fungible tokens (nfts). https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/why-2021--year-non-fungible-tokens-nfts-ruben\/","author":"Merre Ruben","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruben Merre. Why 2021 will be the year of non-fungible tokens (nfts). https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/pulse\/why-2021--year-non-fungible-tokens-nfts-ruben\/, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Atomic cross-chain swaps: development, trajectory and potential of non-monetary digital token swap facilities. Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing (AETiC) Vol, 3","author":"Miraz Mahdi H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mahdi H Miraz and David C Donald. Atomic cross-chain swaps: development, trajectory and potential of non-monetary digital token swap facilities. Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing (AETiC) Vol, 3, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi11100220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_41_1","volume-title":"To token or not to token: Tools for understanding blockchain tokens","author":"Oliveira Luis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luis Oliveira, Liudmila Zavolokina, Ingrid Bauer, and Gerhard Schwabe. To token or not to token: Tools for understanding blockchain tokens. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Capability-based non-fungible tokens approach for a decentralized aaa framework in iot","author":"Omar Ahmad Sghaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad Sghaier Omar and Otman Basir. Capability-based non-fungible tokens approach for a decentralized aaa framework in iot., 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23404-1_6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Roozbeh Daneshvar, Biplav Srivastava, and Kush R Varshney. Trusted multi-party computation and verifiable simulations: A scalable blockchain approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.08438","author":"Raman Ravi Kiran","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ravi Kiran Raman, Roman Vaculin, Michael Hind, Sekou L Remy, Eleftheria K Pissadaki, Nelson Kibichii Bore, Roozbeh Daneshvar, Biplav Srivastava, and Kush R Varshney. Trusted multi-party computation and verifiable simulations: A scalable blockchain approach. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.08438, 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Nfts in practice-non-fungible tokens as core component of a blockchain-based event ticketing application","author":"Regner Ferdinand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ferdinand Regner, Nils Urbach, and Andr\u00e9 Schweizer. Nfts in practice-non-fungible tokens as core component of a blockchain-based event ticketing application. 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"Overview of colored coins. White paper, bitcoil. co. il, 41:94","author":"Rosenfeld Meni","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meni Rosenfeld. Overview of colored coins. White paper, bitcoil. co. il, 41:94, 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3488344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30429-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"Decentralized identity and access management framework for internet of things devices","author":"Omar Ahmad Sghaier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad Sghaier Omar. Decentralized identity and access management framework for internet of things devices. 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09751-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5220\/0006408207550764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12525-020-00396-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2535718"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_54_1","first-page":"13164","volume-title":"Privacy laws, genomic data and non-fungible tokens","author":"Uribe Daniel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daniel Uribe and Gisele Waters. Privacy laws, genomic data and non-fungible tokens. The Journal of The British Blockchain Association, page 13164, 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Tokenization of infrastructure: a blockchain-based solution to financing sustainable infrastructure","author":"Uzsoki David","year":"2019","unstructured":"David Uzsoki. Tokenization of infrastructure: a blockchain-based solution to financing sustainable infrastructure. International Institute for Sustainable Development, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Impact tokens: a blockchain-based solution for impact investing. Impact tokens: a blockchain-based solution for impact investing","author":"Uzsoki David","year":"2019","unstructured":"David Uzsoki, Patrick Guerdat, et al. Impact tokens: a blockchain-based solution for impact investing. Impact tokens: a blockchain-based solution for impact investing., 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3492323.3495577"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/Blockchain53845.2021.00029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Non-fungible token (nft): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447","author":"Wang Qin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qin Wang, Rujia Li, Qi Wang, and Shiping Chen. Non-fungible token (nft): Overview, evaluation, opportunities and challenges. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.07447, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Storj a peer-to-peer cloud storage network","author":"Wilkinson Shawn","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shawn Wilkinson, Tome Boshevski, Josh Brandoff, and Vitalik Buterin. Storj a peer-to-peer cloud storage network. 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"Sok: communication across distributed ledgers","author":"Zamyatin Alexei","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexei Zamyatin, Mustafa Al-Bassam, Dionysis Zindros, Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Pedro Moreno-Sanchez, Aggelos Kiayias, and William J Knottenbelt. Sok: communication across distributed ledgers. 2019."}],"event":{"name":"UCC '21: 2021 IEEE\/ACM 14th International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing","location":"Leicester United Kingdom","acronym":"UCC '21","sponsor":["SIGARCH ACM Special Interest Group on Computer Architecture","IEEE TCSC IEEE Technical Committee on Scalable Computing"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the 14th IEEE\/ACM International Conference on Utility and Cloud Computing Companion"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3492323.3495577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3492323.3495577","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T23:22:54Z","timestamp":1763421774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3492323.3495577"}},"subtitle":["tokenization on blockchain"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3492323.3495577","10.1145\/3492323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3492323.3495577","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}