{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T14:14:26Z","timestamp":1784211266231,"version":"3.55.0"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":23,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3493649.3493654","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T17:05:03Z","timestamp":1637859903000},"page":"7-12","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Designing a Kubernetes Operator for Machine Learning Applications"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Kanso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Teaching Group, Microsoft, Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edi","family":"Palencia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Teaching Group, Microsoft, Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kinshuman","family":"Patra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Teaching Group, Microsoft, Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Lab, Bytedance, Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Lab, Bytedance, Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Lab, Bytedance, Bellevue, Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengwei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Intelligence Department, Ant Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Intelligence Department, Ant Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computing Intelligence Department, Ant Group, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_1_1","volume-title":"Paolo Casari, and Per-Olov \u00d6stberg.","author":"Duc Thang Le","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thang Le Duc , Rafael Garc\u00eda Leiva , Paolo Casari, and Per-Olov \u00d6stberg. 2019 . Machine Learning Methods for Reliable Resource Provisioning in Edge-Cloud Computing: A Survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 52, 5, Article 94 (October 2019), 39 pages. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3341145 10.1145\/3341145 Thang Le Duc, Rafael Garc\u00eda Leiva, Paolo Casari, and Per-Olov \u00d6stberg. 2019. Machine Learning Methods for Reliable Resource Provisioning in Edge-Cloud Computing: A Survey. ACM Comput. Surv. 52, 5, Article 94 (October 2019), 39 pages. DOI:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3341145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/www.ray.io\/ last accessed","author":"Framework The Ray","year":"2021","unstructured":"The Ray Framework . URL: https:\/\/www.ray.io\/ last accessed in October 2021 The Ray Framework. URL: https:\/\/www.ray.io\/ last accessed in October 2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/docs.ray.io\/en\/latest\/walkthrough.html last accessed","author":"Ray Remote","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ray Remote Functions URL : https:\/\/docs.ray.io\/en\/latest\/walkthrough.html last accessed in October 2021 Ray Remote Functions URL: https:\/\/docs.ray.io\/en\/latest\/walkthrough.html last accessed in October 2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"The Container Management Framework. URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/ last accessed","author":"Kubernetes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubernetes : The Container Management Framework. URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/ last accessed in October 2021 . Kubernetes: The Container Management Framework. URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/kubernetes-service\/#overview last accessed","author":"Service Azure Kubernetes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azure Kubernetes Service . URL: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/kubernetes-service\/#overview last accessed in October 2021 Azure Kubernetes Service. URL: https:\/\/azure.microsoft.com\/en-us\/services\/kubernetes-service\/#overview last accessed in October 2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/eks\/ last accessed","author":"Kubernetes Service AWS","year":"2021","unstructured":"AWS Kubernetes Service . URL: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/eks\/ last accessed in October 2021 . AWS Kubernetes Service. URL: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/eks\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/kubernetes-engine last accessed","author":"Engine Google Kubernetes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Google Kubernetes Engine . URL: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/kubernetes-engine last accessed in October 2021 . Google Kubernetes Engine. URL: https:\/\/cloud.google.com\/kubernetes-engine last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"The Ray Kubernetes Operator. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/ray-project\/kuberay\/tree\/master\/ray-operator last accessed","year":"2021","unstructured":"KubeRay : The Ray Kubernetes Operator. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/ray-project\/kuberay\/tree\/master\/ray-operator last accessed in October 2021 KubeRay: The Ray Kubernetes Operator. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/ray-project\/kuberay\/tree\/master\/ray-operator last accessed in October 2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/extend-kubernetes\/operator\/ last accessed","author":"Operator Design Pattern The Kubernetes","year":"2021","unstructured":"The Kubernetes Operator Design Pattern . URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/extend-kubernetes\/operator\/ last accessed in October 2021 The Kubernetes Operator Design Pattern. URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/concepts\/extend-kubernetes\/operator\/ last accessed in October 2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/github.com\/kubernetes-sigs\/kubefed last accessed","author":"Kubernetes Cluster Federation","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubernetes Cluster Federation . URL: https:\/\/github.com\/kubernetes-sigs\/kubefed last accessed in October 2021 . Kubernetes Cluster Federation. URL: https:\/\/github.com\/kubernetes-sigs\/kubefed last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DPS-e34DkqQ4AeJpoBnSrUM8SnHnQVkiLlcmI4zWEWg\/edit#heading=h.uvghkc1tgnfw, last accessed on","author":"KubeRay","year":"2021","unstructured":"KubeRay design document , URL: https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DPS-e34DkqQ4AeJpoBnSrUM8SnHnQVkiLlcmI4zWEWg\/edit#heading=h.uvghkc1tgnfw, last accessed on October 2021 . KubeRay design document, URL: https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DPS-e34DkqQ4AeJpoBnSrUM8SnHnQVkiLlcmI4zWEWg\/edit#heading=h.uvghkc1tgnfw, last accessed on October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/inject-data-application\/downward-api-volume-expose-pod-information\/ last accessed","author":"Kubernetes Downward","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kubernetes Downward API. URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/inject-data-application\/downward-api-volume-expose-pod-information\/ last accessed in October 2021 . Kubernetes Downward API. URL: https:\/\/kubernetes.io\/docs\/tasks\/inject-data-application\/downward-api-volume-expose-pod-information\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_13_1","unstructured":"Kubernetes Service Level Objective \/ Service Level Indicator SLO\/SLI https:\/\/github.com\/kubernetes\/community\/blob\/master\/sig-scalability\/slos\/slos.md last accessed in October 2021.  Kubernetes Service Level Objective \/ Service Level Indicator SLO\/SLI https:\/\/github.com\/kubernetes\/community\/blob\/master\/sig-scalability\/slos\/slos.md last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"KubeFlow https:\/\/www.kubeflow.org\/ last accessed in October 2021.  KubeFlow https:\/\/www.kubeflow.org\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_15_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/pm\/sagemaker\/ last accessed","author":"Amazon Sagemaker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amazon Sagemaker URL : https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/pm\/sagemaker\/ last accessed in October 2021 . Amazon Sagemaker URL: https:\/\/aws.amazon.com\/pm\/sagemaker\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_16_1","unstructured":"Run:AI https:\/\/www.run.ai\/ last accessed in October 2021.  Run:AI https:\/\/www.run.ai\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSM.2021.3052837"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3404555.3404565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318265.3318288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/www.anyscale.com\/ last accessed","year":"2021","unstructured":"AnyScale. URL: https:\/\/www.anyscale.com\/ last accessed in October 2021 . AnyScale. URL: https:\/\/www.anyscale.com\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/www.bytedance.com\/en\/ last accessed","year":"2021","unstructured":"ByteDance. URL: https:\/\/www.bytedance.com\/en\/ last accessed in October 2021 . ByteDance. URL: https:\/\/www.bytedance.com\/en\/ last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"URL: https:\/\/www.antgroup.com\/en last accessed","author":"AntGroup","year":"2021","unstructured":"AntGroup . URL: https:\/\/www.antgroup.com\/en last accessed in October 2021 . AntGroup. URL: https:\/\/www.antgroup.com\/en last accessed in October 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"https:\/\/github.com\/ray-project\/ray\/tree\/ray-1.7.0\/python\/ray\/autoscaler last accessed","author":"Ray Autoscaler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ray Autoscaler Kubernetes-plugin URL : https:\/\/github.com\/ray-project\/ray\/tree\/ray-1.7.0\/python\/ray\/autoscaler last accessed in October 2021 . Ray Autoscaler Kubernetes-plugin URL: https:\/\/github.com\/ray-project\/ray\/tree\/ray-1.7.0\/python\/ray\/autoscaler last accessed in October 2021."}],"event":{"name":"Middleware '21: 22nd International Middleware Conference","location":"Virtual Event Canada","acronym":"Middleware '21","sponsor":["ACM Association for Computing Machinery","IFIP"]},"container-title":["Proceedings of the Seventh International Workshop on Container Technologies and Container Clouds"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3493649.3493654","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3493649.3493654","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:11:51Z","timestamp":1750191111000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3493649.3493654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3493649.3493654","10.1145\/3493649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3493649.3493654","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}