{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:36:47Z","timestamp":1776094607183,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["178978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["178978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Fitness trackers are increasingly popular. The data they collect provides substantial benefits to their users, but it also creates privacy risks. In this work, we investigate how fitness-tracker users perceive the utility of the features they provide and the associated privacy-inference risks. We conduct a longitudinal study composed of a four-month period of fitness-tracker use (N = 227), followed by an online survey (N = 227) and interviews (N = 19). We assess the users' knowledge of concrete privacy threats that fitness-tracker users are exposed to (as demonstrated by previous work), possible privacy-preserving actions users can take, and perceptions of utility of the features provided by the fitness trackers. We study the potential for data minimization and the users' mental models of how the fitness tracking ecosystem works. Our findings show that the participants are aware that some types of information might be inferred from the data collected by the fitness trackers. For instance, the participants correctly guessed that sexual activity could be inferred from heart-rate data. However, the participants did not realize that also the non-physiological information could be inferred from the data. Our findings demonstrate a high potential for data minimization, either by processing data locally or by decreasing the temporal granularity of the data sent to the service provider. Furthermore, we identify the participants' lack of understanding and common misconceptions about how the Fitbit ecosystem works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3494960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T17:40:33Z","timestamp":1640886033000},"page":"1-41","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Are Those Steps Worth Your Privacy?"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Lev","family":"Velykoivanenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Kavous Salehzadeh","family":"Niksirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9","family":"Zufferey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Humbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"K\u00e9vin","family":"Huguenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Cherubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2017.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0904891106"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","unstructured":"Adam Satariano. 2014. Wear This Device So the Boss Knows You're Losing Weight. http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2014-08-21\/wear-this-device-so-the-boss-knows-you-re-losing-weight.html  Adam Satariano. 2014. Wear This Device So the Boss Knows You're Losing Weight. http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/news\/2014-08-21\/wear-this-device-so-the-boss-knows-you-re-losing-weight.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3137616.3137617"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487316634883"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_6_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the USENIX Conf. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association","author":"Alqhatani Abdulmajeed","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abdulmajeed Alqhatani and Heather Richter Lipford . 2019 . \" There Is Nothing That I Need to Keep Secret\": Sharing Practices and Concerns of Wearable Fitness Data . In Proc. of the USENIX Conf. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association , Santa Clara, CA, USA, 421--434. https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.5555\/3361476.3361508 Abdulmajeed Alqhatani and Heather Richter Lipford. 2019. \"There Is Nothing That I Need to Keep Secret\": Sharing Practices and Concerns of Wearable Fitness Data. In Proc. of the USENIX Conf. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 421--434. https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/abs\/10.5555\/3361476.3361508"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2015.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6653(199923)13:4&lt;24::AID-DIR3&gt;3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3378539.3393856"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning. arXiv:1512.05616 [cs] (Dec","author":"Beltramelli Tony","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tony Beltramelli and Sebastian Risi . 2015. Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning. arXiv:1512.05616 [cs] (Dec . 2015 ). arXiv:1512.05616 [cs] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1512.05616 Tony Beltramelli and Sebastian Risi. 2015. Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning. arXiv:1512.05616 [cs] (Dec. 2015). arXiv:1512.05616 [cs] http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1512.05616"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2015.23032"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/amiajnl-2012-001023"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12394-010-0053-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2556288.2557372"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3191737"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SPW.2016.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2873587.2873594"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BigData.2018.8622110"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14722\/ndss.2015.23203"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-015-0314-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_22_1","unstructured":"Christina Farr. 2015. Weighing Privacy Vs. Rewards Of Letting Insurers Track Your Fitness. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/alltechconsidered\/2015\/04\/09\/398416513\/weighing-privacy-vs-rewards-of-letting-insurers-track-your-fitness  Christina Farr. 2015. Weighing Privacy Vs. Rewards Of Letting Insurers Track Your Fitness. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/alltechconsidered\/2015\/04\/09\/398416513\/weighing-privacy-vs-rewards-of-letting-insurers-track-your-fitness"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2021.107859"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_24_1","unstructured":"Federal Statistical Office. 2021. Experience of Discrimination. https:\/\/www.bfs.admin.ch\/bfs\/en\/home\/statistiken\/bevoelkerung\/migration-integration\/zusammenleben-schweiz\/diskriminierung.html  Federal Statistical Office. 2021. Experience of Discrimination. https:\/\/www.bfs.admin.ch\/bfs\/en\/home\/statistiken\/bevoelkerung\/migration-integration\/zusammenleben-schweiz\/diskriminierung.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CHASE.2017.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_26_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2019. Fitbit Inspire HR User Manual. https:\/\/staticcs.fitbit.com\/content\/assets\/help\/manuals\/manual_inspire_hr_en_US.pdf  Fitbit. 2019. Fitbit Inspire HR User Manual. https:\/\/staticcs.fitbit.com\/content\/assets\/help\/manuals\/manual_inspire_hr_en_US.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_27_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2020. Fitbit SDK. https:\/\/dev.fitbit.com\/  Fitbit. 2020. Fitbit SDK. https:\/\/dev.fitbit.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_28_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2020. Web API Reference. https:\/\/dev.fitbit.com\/build\/reference\/web-api\/  Fitbit. 2020. Web API Reference. https:\/\/dev.fitbit.com\/build\/reference\/web-api\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_29_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2021. Employers. https:\/\/healthsolutions.fitbit.com\/employers\/  Fitbit. 2021. Employers. https:\/\/healthsolutions.fitbit.com\/employers\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_30_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2021. How Do Fitbit Devices Sync Their Data? https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/1877.htm  Fitbit. 2021. How Do Fitbit Devices Sync Their Data? https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/1877.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_31_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2021. Why Fitbit? http:\/\/healthsolutions.fitbit.com\/whyfitbit\/  Fitbit. 2021. Why Fitbit? http:\/\/healthsolutions.fitbit.com\/whyfitbit\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_32_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2021. Why Is the Fitbit App Prompting Me to Turn on Location Services? https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/2134.htm?Highlight=syncing  Fitbit. 2021. Why Is the Fitbit App Prompting Me to Turn on Location Services? https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/2134.htm?Highlight=syncing"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_33_1","unstructured":"Fitbit. 2021. Why Won't My Fitbit Device Sync? https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/1866.htm  Fitbit. 2021. Why Won't My Fitbit Device Sync? https:\/\/help.fitbit.com\/articles\/en_US\/Help_article\/1866.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376651"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2018.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858352"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025654"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21102\/wjm.2016.03.71.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.9157"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_40_1","volume-title":"Fitness Tracking App Strava Gives Away Location of Secret US Army Bases. The Guardian (Jan","author":"Hern Alex","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alex Hern . 2018. Fitness Tracking App Strava Gives Away Location of Secret US Army Bases. The Guardian (Jan . 2018 ). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jan\/28\/fitness-tracking-app-gives-away-location-of-secret-us-army-bases Alex Hern. 2018. Fitness Tracking App Strava Gives Away Location of Secret US Army Bases. The Guardian (Jan. 2018). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2018\/jan\/28\/fitness-tracking-app-gives-away-location-of-secret-us-army-bases"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/26107"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2508859.2516707"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_43_1","unstructured":"IDC. 2020. Shipments of Wearable Devices Leap to 125 Million Units Up 35.1% in the Third Quarter According to IDC. https:\/\/www.idc.com\/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS47067820  IDC. 2020. Shipments of Wearable Devices Leap to 125 Million Units Up 35.1% in the Third Quarter According to IDC. https:\/\/www.idc.com\/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS47067820"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_44_1","unstructured":"Fortune Business Insights. 2021. Fitness Tracker Market Size Share Growth & Analysis. https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/fitness-tracker-market-103358  Fortune Business Insights. 2021. Fitness Tracker Market Size Share Growth & Analysis. https:\/\/www.fortunebusinessinsights.com\/fitness-tracker-market-103358"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.06.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.5.1.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJTMKT.2017.089665"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_49_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the USENIX Conf. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association","author":"Kang Ruogu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruogu Kang , Laura Dabbish , Nathaniel Fruchter , and Sara Kiesler . 2015 . \" My Data Just Goes Everywhere:\" User Mental Models of the Internet and Implications for Privacy and Security . In Proc. of the USENIX Conf. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association , Ottawa, Canada, 39--52. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups 2015\/proceedings\/presentation\/kang Ruogu Kang, Laura Dabbish, Nathaniel Fruchter, and Sara Kiesler. 2015. \"My Data Just Goes Everywhere:\" User Mental Models of the Internet and Implications for Privacy and Security. In Proc. of the USENIX Conf. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association, Ottawa, Canada, 39--52. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2015\/proceedings\/presentation\/kang"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2016-1-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/18312"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376250"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3214273"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_54_1","unstructured":"Danielle Kosecki. 2017. Sl\u00e1inte! Ireland Named Fitbit's Fittest Country. https:\/\/blog.fitbit.com\/fittest-countries\/  Danielle Kosecki. 2017. Sl\u00e1inte! Ireland Named Fitbit's Fittest Country. https:\/\/blog.fitbit.com\/fittest-countries\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_55_1","volume-title":"B2B Brand Management","author":"Kotler Philip","unstructured":"Philip Kotler , Waldemar Pfoertsch , and Ines Michi . 2006. B2B Brand Management . Springer , Berlin; New York . Philip Kotler, Waldemar Pfoertsch, and Ines Michi. 2006. B2B Brand Management. Springer, Berlin; New York."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SP.2019.00060"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45427-6_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051192"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2015.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-60639-2_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_61_1","unstructured":"Ramon Llamas Jitesh Ubrani and Michael Shirer. 2017. Xiaomi and Apple Tie for the Top Position as the Wearables Market Swells 17.9% During the First Quarter According to IDC. https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20170605005391\/en\/Xiaomi-and-Apple-Tie-for-the-Top-Position-as-the-Wearables-Market-Swells-17.9-During-the-First-Quarter-According-to-IDC  Ramon Llamas Jitesh Ubrani and Michael Shirer. 2017. Xiaomi and Apple Tie for the Top Position as the Wearables Market Swells 17.9% During the First Quarter According to IDC. https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20170605005391\/en\/Xiaomi-and-Apple-Tie-for-the-Top-Position-as-the-Wearables-Market-Swells-17.9-During-the-First-Quarter-According-to-IDC"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHI.2017.29"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2686612.2686623"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3488905.3488924"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2897845.2897905"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2802083.2808397"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2794984"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1040.0032"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. I. Manktelow and Man Cheung Chung (Eds.). 2004. Psychology of Reasoning: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives (first ed.). Psychology Press Hove; New York. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9780203506936  K. I. Manktelow and Man Cheung Chung (Eds.). 2004. Psychology of Reasoning: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives (first ed.). Psychology Press Hove; New York. https:\/\/www.taylorfrancis.com\/books\/9780203506936","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203506936"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340293"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2191235"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSA.2017.8251776"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48051-9_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.pervasivehealth.2012.248691"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_75_1","volume-title":"Proc. of the Symp. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association","author":"Naeini Pardis Emami","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pardis Emami Naeini , Sruti Bhagavatula , Hana Habib , Martin Degeling , Lujo Bauer , Lorrie Faith Cranor , and Norman Sadeh . 2017 . Privacy Expectations and Preferences in an IoT World . In Proc. of the Symp. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association , Santa Clara, CA, USA, 399--412. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups 2017\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/naeini Pardis Emami Naeini, Sruti Bhagavatula, Hana Habib, Martin Degeling, Lujo Bauer, Lorrie Faith Cranor, and Norman Sadeh. 2017. Privacy Expectations and Preferences in an IoT World. In Proc. of the Symp. on Usable Privacy and Security (SOUPS). USENIX Association, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 399--412. https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/soups2017\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/naeini"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1958824.1958876"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_77_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Privacy as Contextual Integrity","volume":"79","author":"Nissenbaum Helen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Helen Nissenbaum . 2004 . Privacy as Contextual Integrity . HeinOnline 79 (2004), 119 . Helen Nissenbaum. 2004. Privacy as Contextual Integrity. HeinOnline 79 (2004), 119.","journal-title":"HeinOnline"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/popets-2018-0029"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2659651.2659683"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2381966.2381983"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1123-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1978945"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2017.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2014.08.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_86_1","volume-title":"Business reporter focused on the health-care economy's effects on patient health, costs, and privacyEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow.","author":"Rowl Christopher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christopher Rowl , closeChristopher Rowl , Business reporter focused on the health-care economy's effects on patient health, costs, and privacyEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow. 2019 . With Fitness Trackers in the Workplace, Bosses Can Monitor Your Every Step - and Possibly More . https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/economy\/with-fitness-trackers-in-the-workplace-bosses-can-monitor-your-every-step--and-possibly-more\/2019\/02\/15\/75ee0848-2a45-11e9-b011-d8500644dc98_story.html Christopher Rowl, closeChristopher Rowl, Business reporter focused on the health-care economy's effects on patient health, costs, and privacyEmailEmailBioBioFollowFollow. 2019. With Fitness Trackers in the Workplace, Bosses Can Monitor Your Every Step - and Possibly More. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/business\/economy\/with-fitness-trackers-in-the-workplace-bosses-can-monitor-your-every-step--and-possibly-more\/2019\/02\/15\/75ee0848-2a45-11e9-b011-d8500644dc98_story.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_87_1","volume-title":"The Role of Individual Differences on Perceptions of Wearable Fitness Device Trust, Usability, and Motivational Impact. Applied ergonomics 70","author":"Rupp Michael A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael A Rupp , Jessica R Michaelis , Daniel S McConnell , and Janan A Smither . 2018. The Role of Individual Differences on Perceptions of Wearable Fitness Device Trust, Usability, and Motivational Impact. Applied ergonomics 70 ( 2018 ), 77--87. Michael A Rupp, Jessica R Michaelis, Daniel S McConnell, and Janan A Smither. 2018. The Role of Individual Differences on Perceptions of Wearable Fitness Device Trust, Usability, and Motivational Impact. Applied ergonomics 70 (2018), 77--87."},{"key":"e_1_2_2_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-73450-7_49"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_89_1","volume-title":"The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers","author":"Saldana Johnny","unstructured":"Johnny Saldana . 2021. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers ( 4 th ed ed.). SAGE Publishing , Thousand Oaks , California. Johnny Saldana. 2021. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (4th ed ed.). SAGE Publishing, Thousand Oaks, California.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300753"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103153"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90740-6_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3133837"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2017.437"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_95_1","unstructured":"Tailor Stanton. 2019. Earnings aside over 60 Percent of Fitness Trackers Purchased Online Q1 Were Fitbits. https:\/\/www.rakutenintelligence.com\/blog\/2016\/earnings-aside-over-60-percent-of-fitness-trackers-purchased-during-q1-were-fitbits  Tailor Stanton. 2019. Earnings aside over 60 Percent of Fitness Trackers Purchased Online Q1 Were Fitbits. https:\/\/www.rakutenintelligence.com\/blog\/2016\/earnings-aside-over-60-percent-of-fitness-trackers-purchased-during-q1-were-fitbits"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-021-04863-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2020.81.505"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cose.2019.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_99_1","unstructured":"The European Parliament and the Council of The European Union. 2016. REGULATION (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data and Repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Official J. Eur. Union 59 (April 2016) 1--88. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679  The European Parliament and the Council of The European Union. 2016. REGULATION (EU) 2016\/679 of the European Parliament and the Council of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data and Repealing Directive 95\/46\/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Official J. Eur. Union 59 (April 2016) 1--88. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/en\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0679"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/FIT.0000000000000526"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78105-1_27"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2073276.2073283"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0432-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BHI.2016.7455925"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tele.2015.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_106_1","volume-title":"Tenth Int. AAAI Conf. on Web and Social Media (ICWSM). The AAAI Press","author":"Zhang Jinxue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jinxue Zhang , Xia Hu , Yanchao Zhang , and Huan Liu . 2016 . Your Age Is No Secret: Inferring Microbloggers' Ages via Content and Interaction Analysis . In Tenth Int. AAAI Conf. on Web and Social Media (ICWSM). The AAAI Press , Palo Alto, California, Cologne, Germany, 476--485. https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/ICWSM\/ICWSM16\/paper\/view\/13076 Jinxue Zhang, Xia Hu, Yanchao Zhang, and Huan Liu. 2016. Your Age Is No Secret: Inferring Microbloggers' Ages via Content and Interaction Analysis. In Tenth Int. AAAI Conf. on Web and Social Media (ICWSM). The AAAI Press, Palo Alto, California, Cologne, Germany, 476--485. https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/ICWSM\/ICWSM16\/paper\/view\/13076"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_107_1","unstructured":"Paolo Zialcita. 2019. Google Buys Fitbit For $2.1 Billion Pledges To Protect Health Data. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/01\/775419131\/google-buys-fitbit-for-2-1-billion-pledges-to-protect-health-data  Paolo Zialcita. 2019. Google Buys Fitbit For $2.1 Billion Pledges To Protect Health Data. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/11\/01\/775419131\/google-buys-fitbit-for-2-1-billion-pledges-to-protect-health-data"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2018.1543442"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3494960","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3494960","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:59Z","timestamp":1750191539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3494960"}},"subtitle":["Fitness-Tracker Users' Perceptions of Privacy and Utility"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3494960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3494960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}