{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T07:03:11Z","timestamp":1781593391775,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]],"date-time":"2021-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640563200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1936217, 61971267, 61972223, 61941117, 61861136003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1936217, 61971267, 61972223, 61941117, 61861136003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020AAA0106000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020AAA0106000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Proc. ACM Interact. Mob. Wearable Ubiquitous Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>How does individual mobility in the urban environment impact their health status? Previous works have explored the correlation between human mobility behaviour and individual health, yet the study on the underlying causal effect is woefully inadequate. However, the correlation analysis can sometimes be bewildering because of the confounding effects. For example, older people visit park more often but have worse health status than younger people. The common associations with age will lead to a counter-intuitive negative correlation between park visits and health status. Obtaining causal effects from confounded observations remains a challenge. In this paper, we construct a causal framework based on propensity score matching on multi-level treatment to eliminate the bias brought by confounding effects and estimate the total treatment effects of mobility behaviours on health status. We demonstrate that the matching procedure approximates a de-confounded randomized experiment where confounding variables are balanced substantially. The analysis on the directions of estimated causal effects reveals that fewer neighbouring tobacco shops and frequent visits to sports facilities are related with higher risk in health status, which differs from their correlation directions. Physical mobility behaviours and environment features have more significant estimated effects on health status than contextual mobility behaviours. Moreover, we embed our causal analysis framework in health prediction models to filter out features with superficial correlation but insignificant effects that might lead to over-fitting. This strategy achieves better model robustness with more features filtered out than L1-regularization. Our findings shed light on individual healthy lifestyle and mobility-related health policymaking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3494990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T17:40:33Z","timestamp":1640886033000},"page":"1-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Quantifying the Causal Effect of Individual Mobility on Health Status in Urban Space"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Yunke","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengli","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Knowledge Lab &amp; Mansueto Institute for Urban Innovation, University of Chicago, Chicago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3463528"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tim Althoff Jennifer L Hicks Abby C King Scott L Delp Jure Leskovec etal 2017. Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature 547 7663 (2017) 336--339.  Tim Althoff Jennifer L Hicks Abby C King Scott L Delp Jure Leskovec et al. 2017. Large-scale physical activity data reveal worldwide activity inequality. Nature 547 7663 (2017) 336--339.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature23018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"A critical appraisal of propensity-score matching in the medical literature between 1996 and","author":"Austin Peter C","year":"2003","unstructured":"Peter C Austin . 2008. A critical appraisal of propensity-score matching in the medical literature between 1996 and 2003 . Statistics in medicine 27, 12 (2008), 2037--2049. Peter C Austin. 2008. A critical appraisal of propensity-score matching in the medical literature between 1996 and 2003. Statistics in medicine 27, 12 (2008), 2037--2049."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971750"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Spatial Correlation Analysis of Residential Area and Service Industry Distribution Based on POI Big Data. In 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analytics (ICCCBDA)","author":"Shan","unstructured":"Shan Bao-yan, Wang Jun-ning, Liu Yang-yang, and Zhang Zhi-xuan. 2020. Spatial Correlation Analysis of Residential Area and Service Industry Distribution Based on POI Big Data. In 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analytics (ICCCBDA) . IEEE , 453--458. Shan Bao-yan, Wang Jun-ning, Liu Yang-yang, and Zhang Zhi-xuan. 2020. Spatial Correlation Analysis of Residential Area and Service Industry Distribution Based on POI Big Data. In 2020 IEEE 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data Analytics (ICCCBDA). IEEE, 453--458."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Green exercise: Linking nature, health and well-being","author":"Barton Jo","unstructured":"Jo Barton , Rachel Bragg , Carly Wood , and Jules Pretty . 2016. Green exercise: Linking nature, health and well-being . Routledge . Jo Barton, Rachel Bragg, Carly Wood, and Jules Pretty. 2016. Green exercise: Linking nature, health and well-being. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","first-page":"423","article-title":"Let's go to the park today: The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public's health","volume":"8","author":"Blanck Heidi M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Heidi M Blanck , Diana Allen , Zarnaaz Bashir , Nina Gordon , Alyson Goodman , Dee Merriam , and Candace Rutt . 2012 . Let's go to the park today: The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public's health . Childhood Obesity (Formerly Obesity and Weight Management) 8 , 5 (2012), 423 -- 428 . Heidi M Blanck, Diana Allen, Zarnaaz Bashir, Nina Gordon, Alyson Goodman, Dee Merriam, and Candace Rutt. 2012. Let's go to the park today: The role of parks in obesity prevention and improving the public's health. Childhood Obesity (Formerly Obesity and Weight Management) 8, 5 (2012), 423--428.","journal-title":"Childhood Obesity (Formerly Obesity and Weight Management)"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04292"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"The causal effect of education on health: what is the role of health behaviors? Health economics 25, 3","author":"Brunello Giorgio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giorgio Brunello , Margherita Fort , Nicole Schneeweis , and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer . 2016. The causal effect of education on health: what is the role of health behaviors? Health economics 25, 3 ( 2016 ), 314--336. Giorgio Brunello, Margherita Fort, Nicole Schneeweis, and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer. 2016. The causal effect of education on health: what is the role of health behaviors? Health economics 25, 3 (2016), 314--336."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14040377"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2750858.2805845"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.06.080"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Victor Chernozhukov Denis Chetverikov Mert Demirer Esther Duflo Christian Hansen Whitney Newey and James Robins. 2018. Double\/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters.  Victor Chernozhukov Denis Chetverikov Mert Demirer Esther Duflo Christian Hansen Whitney Newey and James Robins. 2018. Double\/debiased machine learning for treatment and structural parameters.","DOI":"10.3386\/w23564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.01.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-213"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. Review of Economics and statistics 84, 1","author":"Dehejia Rajeev H","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rajeev H Dehejia and Sadek Wahba . 2002. Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. Review of Economics and statistics 84, 1 ( 2002 ), 151--161. Rajeev H Dehejia and Sadek Wahba. 2002. Propensity score-matching methods for nonexperimental causal studies. Review of Economics and statistics 84, 1 (2002), 151--161."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.069B.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6296(95)00032-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14739"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3381006","article-title":"PMF: A privacy-preserving human mobility prediction framework via federated learning","volume":"4","author":"Feng Jie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jie Feng , Can Rong , Funing Sun , Diansheng Guo , and Yong Li . 2020 . PMF: A privacy-preserving human mobility prediction framework via federated learning . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4 , 1 (2020), 1 -- 21 . Jie Feng, Can Rong, Funing Sun, Diansheng Guo, and Yong Li. 2020. PMF: A privacy-preserving human mobility prediction framework via federated learning. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 1 (2020), 1--21.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2012-0482"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls252"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/city.2007.19.2.287"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/17-AOAS1101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Neighbourhood characteristics and health outcomes: evaluating the association between socioeconomic status, tobacco store density and health outcomes in Baltimore City. Tobacco control 27, e1","author":"Galiatsatos Panagis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Panagis Galiatsatos , Cynthia Kineza , Seungyoun Hwang , Juliana Pietri , Emily Brigham , Nirupama Putcha , Cynthia S Rand , Meredith McCormack , and Nadia N Hansel . 2018. Neighbourhood characteristics and health outcomes: evaluating the association between socioeconomic status, tobacco store density and health outcomes in Baltimore City. Tobacco control 27, e1 ( 2018 ), e19-e24. Panagis Galiatsatos, Cynthia Kineza, Seungyoun Hwang, Juliana Pietri, Emily Brigham, Nirupama Putcha, Cynthia S Rand, Meredith McCormack, and Nadia N Hansel. 2018. Neighbourhood characteristics and health outcomes: evaluating the association between socioeconomic status, tobacco store density and health outcomes in Baltimore City. Tobacco control 27, e1 (2018), e19-e24."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Causal inference in public health. Annual review of public health 34","author":"Glass Thomas A","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomas A Glass , Steven N Goodman , Miguel A Hern\u00e1n , and Jonathan M Samet . 2013. Causal inference in public health. Annual review of public health 34 ( 2013 ), 61--75. Thomas A Glass, Steven N Goodman, Miguel A Hern\u00e1n, and Jonathan M Samet. 2013. Causal inference in public health. Annual review of public health 34 (2013), 61--75."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2716281.2836111"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","volume-title":"Mar","author":"Guyon Isabelle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Isabelle Guyon and Andr\u00e9 Elisseeff . 2003. An introduction to variable and feature selection. Journal of machine learning research 3 , Mar ( 2003 ), 1157--1182. Isabelle Guyon and Andr\u00e9 Elisseeff. 2003. An introduction to variable and feature selection. Journal of machine learning research 3, Mar (2003), 1157--1182."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313701"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"A Bayesian approach to causal discovery. Computation, causation, and discovery 19","author":"Heckerman David","year":"1999","unstructured":"David Heckerman , Christopher Meek , and Gregory Cooper . 1999. A Bayesian approach to causal discovery. Computation, causation, and discovery 19 ( 1999 ), 141--166. David Heckerman, Christopher Meek, and Gregory Cooper. 1999. A Bayesian approach to causal discovery. Computation, causation, and discovery 19 (1999), 141--166."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","unstructured":"Martin Hillebrand Imran Khan Filipa Peleja and Nuria Oliver. 2020. MobiSenseUs: Inferring Aggregate Objective and Subjective Well-being from Mobile Data. (2020).  Martin Hillebrand Imran Khan Filipa Peleja and Nuria Oliver. 2020. MobiSenseUs: Inferring Aggregate Objective and Subjective Well-being from Mobile Data. (2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"The propensity score with continuous treatments. Applied Bayesian modeling and causal inference from incomplete-data perspectives 226164","author":"Hirano Keisuke","year":"2004","unstructured":"Keisuke Hirano and Guido W Imbens . 2004. The propensity score with continuous treatments. Applied Bayesian modeling and causal inference from incomplete-data perspectives 226164 ( 2004 ), 73--84. Keisuke Hirano and Guido W Imbens. 2004. The propensity score with continuous treatments. Applied Bayesian modeling and causal inference from incomplete-data perspectives 226164 (2004), 73--84."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2971648.2971761"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000001187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Brian Karl Finch, and Steven M Asch","author":"Inagami Sanae","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sanae Inagami , Deborah A Cohen , Brian Karl Finch, and Steven M Asch . 2006 . You are where you shop: grocery store locations, weight, and neighborhoods. American journal of preventive medicine 31, 1 (2006), 10--17. Sanae Inagami, Deborah A Cohen, Brian Karl Finch, and Steven M Asch. 2006. You are where you shop: grocery store locations, weight, and neighborhoods. American journal of preventive medicine 31, 1 (2006), 10--17."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1209\/0295-5075\/81\/48005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2005.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Janet BW Williams, and Bernd L\u00f6we","author":"Kroenke Kurt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kurt Kroenke , Robert L Spitzer , Janet BW Williams, and Bernd L\u00f6we . 2010 . The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. General hospital psychiatry 32, 4 (2010), 345--359. Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer, Janet BW Williams, and Bernd L\u00f6we. 2010. The patient health questionnaire somatic, anxiety, and depressive symptom scales: a systematic review. General hospital psychiatry 32, 4 (2010), 345--359."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804597116"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"HealthWalks: Sensing Fine-grained Individual Health Condition via Mobility Data","volume":"4","author":"Lin Zongyu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zongyu Lin , Shiqing Lyu , Hancheng Cao , Fengli Xu , Yuqiong Wei , Hanan Samet , and Yong Li . 2020 . HealthWalks: Sensing Fine-grained Individual Health Condition via Mobility Data . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4 , 4 (2020), 1 -- 26 . Zongyu Lin, Shiqing Lyu, Hancheng Cao, Fengli Xu, Yuqiong Wei, Hanan Samet, and Yong Li. 2020. HealthWalks: Sensing Fine-grained Individual Health Condition via Mobility Data. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 4 (2020), 1--26.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00115677-200513020-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214501753381896"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","volume-title":"The coming acceleration of global population ageing. Nature 451, 7179","author":"Lutz Wolfgang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wolfgang Lutz , Warren Sanderson , and Sergei Scherbov . 2008. The coming acceleration of global population ageing. Nature 451, 7179 ( 2008 ), 716--719. Wolfgang Lutz, Warren Sanderson, and Sergei Scherbov. 2008. The coming acceleration of global population ageing. Nature 451, 7179 (2008), 716--719."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2006.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30212-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1980.tb01109.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0966369X.2015.1013448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3351233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Urban travel behaviour and household income in times of economic crisis: Challenges and perspectives for sustainable mobility. Transport policy 65","author":"Papagiannakis Apostolos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Apostolos Papagiannakis , Ioannis Baraklianos , and Alexia Spyridonidou . 2018. Urban travel behaviour and household income in times of economic crisis: Challenges and perspectives for sustainable mobility. Transport policy 65 ( 2018 ), 51--60. Apostolos Papagiannakis, Ioannis Baraklianos, and Alexia Spyridonidou. 2018. Urban travel behaviour and household income in times of economic crisis: Challenges and perspectives for sustainable mobility. Transport policy 65 (2018), 51--60."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/82.4.669"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Interpretation and identification of causal mediation. Psychological methods 19, 4","author":"Pearl Judea","year":"2014","unstructured":"Judea Pearl . 2014. Interpretation and identification of causal mediation. Psychological methods 19, 4 ( 2014 ), 459. Judea Pearl. 2014. Interpretation and identification of causal mediation. Psychological methods 19, 4 (2014), 459."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Judea Pearl et al. 2009. Causal inference in statistics: An overview. Statistics surveys 3 (2009) 96--146.  Judea Pearl et al. 2009. Causal inference in statistics: An overview. Statistics surveys 3 (2009) 96--146.","DOI":"10.1214\/09-SS057"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. the Journal of machine Learning research 12","author":"Pedregosa Fabian","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fabian Pedregosa , Ga\u00ebl Varoquaux , Alexandre Gramfort , Vincent Michel , Bertrand Thirion , Olivier Grisel , Mathieu Blondel , Peter Prettenhofer , Ron Weiss , Vincent Dubourg , 2011 . Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. the Journal of machine Learning research 12 (2011), 2825--2830. Fabian Pedregosa, Ga\u00ebl Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort, Vincent Michel, Bertrand Thirion, Olivier Grisel, Mathieu Blondel, Peter Prettenhofer, Ron Weiss, Vincent Dubourg, et al. 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. the Journal of machine Learning research 12 (2011), 2825--2830."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","unstructured":"Jacob Poushter et al. 2016. Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Pew research center 22 1 (2016) 1--44.  Jacob Poushter et al. 2016. Smartphone ownership and internet usage continues to climb in emerging economies. Pew research center 22 1 (2016) 1--44."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"An overview of general performance metrics of binary classifier systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.5330","author":"Raschka Sebastian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sebastian Raschka . 2014. An overview of general performance metrics of binary classifier systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.5330 ( 2014 ). Sebastian Raschka. 2014. An overview of general performance metrics of binary classifier systems. arXiv preprint arXiv:1410.5330 (2014)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764017744582"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/70.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. General hospital psychiatry 31, 4","author":"Roshanaei-Moghaddam Babak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Babak Roshanaei-Moghaddam , Wayne J Katon , and Joan Russo . 2009. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. General hospital psychiatry 31, 4 ( 2009 ), 306--315. Babak Roshanaei-Moghaddam, Wayne J Katon, and Joan Russo. 2009. The longitudinal effects of depression on physical activity. General hospital psychiatry 31, 4 (2009), 306--315."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v13i01.3242"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","volume-title":"Mobility and aging: new directions for public health action. American journal of public health 102, 8","author":"Satariano William A","year":"2012","unstructured":"William A Satariano , Jack M Guralnik , Richard J Jackson , Richard A Marottoli , Elizabeth A Phelan , and Thomas R Prohaska . 2012. Mobility and aging: new directions for public health action. American journal of public health 102, 8 ( 2012 ), 1508--1515. William A Satariano, Jack M Guralnik, Richard J Jackson, Richard A Marottoli, Elizabeth A Phelan, and Thomas R Prohaska. 2012. Mobility and aging: new directions for public health action. American journal of public health 102, 8 (2012), 1508--1515."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Why are the unemployed in worse health? The causal effect of unemployment on health. Labour economics 18, 1","author":"Schmitz Hendrik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hendrik Schmitz . 2011. Why are the unemployed in worse health? The causal effect of unemployment on health. Labour economics 18, 1 ( 2011 ), 71--78. Hendrik Schmitz. 2011. Why are the unemployed in worse health? The causal effect of unemployment on health. Labour economics 18, 1 (2011), 71--78."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","volume-title":"Demographic and financial determinants of housing choice in retirement and the rise of senior living. Available at SSRN 2588026","author":"Schnure Calvin","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calvin Schnure and Shruthi Venkatesh . 2015. Demographic and financial determinants of housing choice in retirement and the rise of senior living. Available at SSRN 2588026 ( 2015 ). Calvin Schnure and Shruthi Venkatesh. 2015. Demographic and financial determinants of housing choice in retirement and the rise of senior living. Available at SSRN 2588026 (2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i04.6014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","volume-title":"Quantifying the impact of scenic environments on health. Scientific reports 5, 1","author":"Seresinhe Chanuki Illushka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chanuki Illushka Seresinhe , Tobias Preis , and Helen Susannah Moat . 2015. Quantifying the impact of scenic environments on health. Scientific reports 5, 1 ( 2015 ), 1--9. Chanuki Illushka Seresinhe, Tobias Preis, and Helen Susannah Moat. 2015. Quantifying the impact of scenic environments on health. Scientific reports 5, 1 (2015), 1--9."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","volume-title":"A universal model for mobility and migration patterns. Nature 484, 7392","author":"Simini Filippo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Filippo Simini , Marta C Gonz\u00e1lez , Amos Maritan , and Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si . 2012. A universal model for mobility and migration patterns. Nature 484, 7392 ( 2012 ), 96--100. Filippo Simini, Marta C Gonz\u00e1lez, Amos Maritan, and Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si. 2012. A universal model for mobility and migration patterns. Nature 484, 7392 (2012), 96--100."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240222"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jerzy Splawa-Neyman Dorota M Dabrowska and TP Speed. 1990. On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments. Essay on principles. Section 9. Statist. Sci. (1990) 465--472.  Jerzy Splawa-Neyman Dorota M Dabrowska and TP Speed. 1990. On the application of probability theory to agricultural experiments. Essay on principles. Section 9. Statist. Sci. (1990) 465--472.","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177012031"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","volume-title":"The probable error of a mean. Biometrika","year":"1908","unstructured":"Student. 1908. The probable error of a mean. Biometrika ( 1908 ), 1--25. Student. 1908. The probable error of a mean. Biometrika (1908), 1--25."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/2887007.2887049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2015.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Facebook, Twitter, and youth engagement: A quasi-experimental study of social media use and protest behavior using propensity score matching","volume":"8","author":"Valenzuela Sebasti\u00e1n","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sebasti\u00e1n Valenzuela , Arturo Arriagada , and Andr\u00e9s Scherman . 2014 . Facebook, Twitter, and youth engagement: A quasi-experimental study of social media use and protest behavior using propensity score matching . International Journal of Communication 8 (2014), 25 . Sebasti\u00e1n Valenzuela, Arturo Arriagada, and Andr\u00e9s Scherman. 2014. Facebook, Twitter, and youth engagement: A quasi-experimental study of social media use and protest behavior using propensity score matching. International Journal of Communication 8 (2014), 25.","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magdalena Van den Berg Mireille van Poppel Irene van Kamp Sandra Andrusaityte Birute Balseviciene Marta Cirach Asta Danileviciute Naomi Ellis Gemma Hurst Daniel Masterson etal 2016. Visiting green space is associated with mental health and vitality: A cross-sectional study in four european cities. Health & place 38 (2016) 8--15.  Magdalena Van den Berg Mireille van Poppel Irene van Kamp Sandra Andrusaityte Birute Balseviciene Marta Cirach Asta Danileviciute Naomi Ellis Gemma Hurst Daniel Masterson et al. 2016. Visiting green space is associated with mental health and vitality: A cross-sectional study in four european cities. Health & place 38 (2016) 8--15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2016.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","volume-title":"Targeted learning: causal inference for observational and experimental data","author":"Van der Laan Mark J","unstructured":"Mark J Van der Laan and Sherri Rose . 2011. Targeted learning: causal inference for observational and experimental data . Springer Science & Business Media . Mark J Van der Laan and Sherri Rose. 2011. Targeted learning: causal inference for observational and experimental data. Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2017.1319839"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.051680"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yingzi Wang Xiao Zhou Cecilia Mascolo Anastasios Noulas Xing Xie and Qi Liu. 2018. Predicting the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Chronic Diseases in Population with Human Mobility Data. IJCAI.  Yingzi Wang Xiao Zhou Cecilia Mascolo Anastasios Noulas Xing Xie and Qi Liu. 2018. Predicting the Spatio-Temporal Evolution of Chronic Diseases in Population with Human Mobility Data. IJCAI.","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2332510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","volume-title":"Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough'. Landscape and urban planning 125","author":"Wolch Jennifer R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jennifer R Wolch , Jason Byrne , and Joshua P Newell . 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough'. Landscape and urban planning 125 ( 2014 ), 234--244. Jennifer R Wolch, Jason Byrne, and Joshua P Newell. 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities 'just green enough'. Landscape and urban planning 125 (2014), 234--244."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2810103.2813640"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sume: Semantic-enhanced urban mobility network embedding for user demographic inference","volume":"4","author":"Xu Fengli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fengli Xu , Zongyu Lin , Tong Xia , Diansheng Guo , and Yong Li . 2020 . Sume: Semantic-enhanced urban mobility network embedding for user demographic inference . Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4 , 3 (2020), 1 -- 25 . Fengli Xu, Zongyu Lin, Tong Xia, Diansheng Guo, and Yong Li. 2020. Sume: Semantic-enhanced urban mobility network embedding for user demographic inference. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, 3 (2020), 1--25.","journal-title":"Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287075"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091552116643162"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2339530.2339561"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","volume-title":"Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: a pilot study. Health & place 17, 5","author":"Zenk Shannon N","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shannon N Zenk , Amy J Schulz , Stephen A Matthews , Angela Odoms-Young , JoEllen Wilbur , Lani Wegrzyn , Kevin Gibbs , Carol Braunschweig , and Carmen Stokes . 2011. Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: a pilot study. Health & place 17, 5 ( 2011 ), 1150--1161. Shannon N Zenk, Amy J Schulz, Stephen A Matthews, Angela Odoms-Young, JoEllen Wilbur, Lani Wegrzyn, Kevin Gibbs, Carol Braunschweig, and Carmen Stokes. 2011. Activity space environment and dietary and physical activity behaviors: a pilot study. Health & place 17, 5 (2011), 1150--1161."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539514565446"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","volume-title":"Inequality of opportunity in healthcare expenditures: evidence from China. BMC health services research 20","author":"Zhang Yuyang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yuyang Zhang and Peter C Coyte . 2020. Inequality of opportunity in healthcare expenditures: evidence from China. BMC health services research 20 ( 2020 ), 1--11. Yuyang Zhang and Peter C Coyte. 2020. Inequality of opportunity in healthcare expenditures: evidence from China. BMC health services research 20 (2020), 1--11."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3494987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0706-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-016-9756-9"}],"container-title":["Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3494990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3494990","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:59Z","timestamp":1750191539000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3494990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3494990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3494990","relation":{},"ISSN":["2474-9567"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2474-9567","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-30","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}