{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T21:30:18Z","timestamp":1781991018023,"version":"3.54.5"},"publisher-location":"New York, NY, USA","reference-count":57,"publisher":"ACM","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"DOI":"10.1145\/3501712.3529733","type":"proceedings-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,24]],"date-time":"2022-06-24T22:47:40Z","timestamp":1656110860000},"page":"261-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["CodeStruct: Design and Evaluation of an Intermediary Programming Environment for Novices to Transition from Scratch to Python"],"prefix":"10.1145","author":[{"given":"Majeed","family":"Kazemitabaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktar","family":"Chyhir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Weintrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tovi","family":"Grossman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1_1","first-page":"522","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE '15)","author":"Altadmri Amjad","unstructured":"Amjad Altadmri and Neil C.C. Brown . 2015. 37 Million Compilations: Investigating Novice Programming Mistakes in Large-Scale Student Data . In Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE '15) , 522 - 527 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2676723.2677258 10.1145\/2676723.2677258 Amjad Altadmri and Neil C.C. Brown. 2015. 37 Million Compilations: Investigating Novice Programming Mistakes in Large-Scale Student Data. In Proceedings of the 46th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE '15), 522-527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2676723.2677258"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3358711.3361630"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2729.2000.00146.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Design and Evaluation of a Block-based Environment with a Data Science Context","volume":"99","author":"Bart A. Cory","year":"2017","unstructured":"A. Cory Bart , J. Tibau , D. Kafura , C. A. Shaffer , and E. Tilevich . 2017 . Design and Evaluation of a Block-based Environment with a Data Science Context . IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing PP , 99 : 1 - 1 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10. 1109\/TETC.2017.2729585 A. Cory Bart, J. Tibau, D. Kafura, C. A. Shaffer, and E. Tilevich. 2017. Design and Evaluation of a Block-based Environment with a Data Science Context. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing PP, 99: 1-1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10. 1109\/TETC.2017.2729585","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing PP"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOCKS.2015.7369009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_1","first-page":"445","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC ?15)","author":"Bau David","year":"1839","unstructured":"David Bau , D. Anthony Bau , Mathew Dawson , and C. Sydney Pickens . 2015. Pencil code: block code for a text world . In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC ?15) , 445 - 448 . https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.1145\/277 1839 .2771875 10.1145\/2771839.2771875 David Bau, D. Anthony Bau, Mathew Dawson, and C. Sydney Pickens. 2015. Pencil code: block code for a text world. In Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC ?15), 445-448. https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.1145\/2771839.2771875"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3015455"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_8_1","volume-title":"LogoBlocks: A graphical programming language for interacting with the world. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department","author":"Begel A.","unstructured":"A. Begel . 1996. LogoBlocks: A graphical programming language for interacting with the world. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department . MIT , Cambridge, MA . A. Begel. 1996. LogoBlocks: A graphical programming language for interacting with the world. Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department. MIT, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358198.358218"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_10_1","volume-title":"Improving App Inventor through Conversion between Blocks and Text","author":"Chadha Karishma","unstructured":"Karishma Chadha . 2014. Improving App Inventor through Conversion between Blocks and Text . Wellesley College . Karishma Chadha. 2014. Improving App Inventor through Conversion between Blocks and Text. Wellesley College."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_2_11_1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andy Cockburn Carl Gutwin Joey Scarr and Sylvain Malacria. 2014. Supporting Novice to Expert Transitions in User Interfaces. ACM Computing Surveys 47 2: 31:1-31:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2659796 10.1145\/2659796","DOI":"10.1145\/2659796"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_2_2_11_1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andy Cockburn Carl Gutwin Joey Scarr and Sylvain Malacria. 2014. Supporting Novice to Expert Transitions in User Interfaces. ACM Computing Surveys 47 2: 31:1-31:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/2659796","DOI":"10.1145\/2659796"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/364133.364161"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3173574.3173935"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1999747.1999807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_15_1","unstructured":"Pierre Dragicevic. 2015. HCI Statistics without p-values. Inria.  Pierre Dragicevic. 2015. HCI Statistics without p-values. Inria."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2670757.2670768"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1776994.1777071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOCKS.2015.7369000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2015.1033142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_20_1","first-page":"579","volume-title":"Proceeding of the 44th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education (SIGCSE '13)","author":"Guo Philip J.","unstructured":"Philip J. Guo . 2013. Online python tutor: embeddable web-based program visualization for cs education . In Proceeding of the 44th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education (SIGCSE '13) , 579 - 584 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/ 2445196.2445368 Philip J. Guo. 2013. Online python tutor: embeddable web-based program visualization for cs education. In Proceeding of the 44th ACM technical symposium on Computer science education (SIGCSE '13), 579-584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/ 2445196.2445368"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_21_1","volume-title":"Combining Tiled and Textual Views of Code. In IEEE Working Conference on Software Visualisation (VISSOFT), 1-10","author":"Homer Michael","year":"2014","unstructured":"Michael Homer and James Noble . 2014 . Combining Tiled and Textual Views of Code. In IEEE Working Conference on Software Visualisation (VISSOFT), 1-10 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VISSOFT.2014.11 10.1109\/VISSOFT.2014.11 Michael Homer and James Noble. 2014. Combining Tiled and Textual Views of Code. In IEEE Working Conference on Software Visualisation (VISSOFT), 1-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VISSOFT.2014.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvlc.2009.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/EDUCON46332.2021.9453897"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18293\/VLSS2017-009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818314.2818331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3242587.3242602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1734263.1734383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cola.2021.101075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1352322.1352260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2676723.2677230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1049482940040202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_32_1","volume-title":"Procedings of The Twentieth Annual NACCQ Conference, 209-215","author":"Parsons D.","unstructured":"D. Parsons and P. Haden . 2007. Programming osmosis: Knowledge transfer from imperative to visual programming environments . In Procedings of The Twentieth Annual NACCQ Conference, 209-215 . D. Parsons and P. Haden. 2007. Programming osmosis: Knowledge transfer from imperative to visual programming environments. In Procedings of The Twentieth Annual NACCQ Conference, 209-215."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2960310.2960319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077618"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169119"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1592761.1592779"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_37_1","volume-title":"Sowing the Seeds for a More Creative Society. Learning &amp","author":"Resnick Mitchel","unstructured":"Mitchel Resnick . 2008. Sowing the Seeds for a More Creative Society. Learning &amp ; Leading with Technology 35, 4: 18-22. Mitchel Resnick. 2008. Sowing the Seeds for a More Creative Society. Learning &amp; Leading with Technology 35, 4: 18-22."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1978942.1979348"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/960201.957206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3230995"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3077286.3077307"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_42_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 366:1-12","author":"Afzal A","year":"2018","unstructured":"DWeintrop, A Afzal , J Salac , P Francis , B Li , D. C Shepherd , and D Franklin . 2018 . Evaluating CoBlox: A Comparative Study of Robotics Programming Environments for Adult Novices . In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 366:1-12 . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173940 10.1145\/3173574.3173940 DWeintrop, A Afzal, J Salac, P Francis, B Li, D. C Shepherd, and D Franklin. 2018. Evaluating CoBlox: A Comparative Study of Robotics Programming Environments for Adult Novices. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 366:1-12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3173574.3173940"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3230977.3230988"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3017680.3017707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3078072.3079715"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103646"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2771839.2771860"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2787622.2787721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3089799"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_50_1","volume-title":"App Inventor 2: Create Your Own Android Apps","author":"Wolber David","unstructured":"David Wolber , Hal Abelson , Ellen Spertus , and Liz Looney . 2014. App Inventor 2: Create Your Own Android Apps . O'Reilly Media , Beijing . David Wolber, Hal Abelson, Ellen Spertus, and Liz Looney. 2014. App Inventor 2: Create Your Own Android Apps. O'Reilly Media, Beijing."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08993408.2019.1565233"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_52_1","volume-title":"Grasshopper. Retrieved","author":"Grasshopper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grasshopper : the coding app for beginners . Grasshopper. Retrieved January 12, 2022 from https:\/\/grasshopper.app\/ Grasshopper: the coding app for beginners. Grasshopper. Retrieved January 12, 2022 from https:\/\/grasshopper.app\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_53_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Editor Monaco","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monaco Editor : a Browser-based Code Editor which Powers Visual Studio Code . Retrieved January 28, 2022 from https:\/\/microsoft.github.io\/monaco-editor\/ Monaco Editor: a Browser-based Code Editor which Powers Visual Studio Code. Retrieved January 28, 2022 from https:\/\/microsoft.github.io\/monaco-editor\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_54_1","volume-title":"Retrieved","author":"Pyodide","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pyodide : a Python distribution for the browser and Node.js based on WebAssembly . Retrieved January 28, 2022 from https:\/\/pyodide.org\/en\/stable\/ Pyodide: a Python distribution for the browser and Node.js based on WebAssembly. Retrieved January 28, 2022 from https:\/\/pyodide.org\/en\/stable\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_55_1","unstructured":"W3Schools Free Online Web Tutorials. Retrieved January 13 2022 from https: \/\/www.w3schools.com\/  W3Schools Free Online Web Tutorials. Retrieved January 13 2022 from https: \/\/www.w3schools.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2048237.2048245"}],"event":{"name":"IDC '22: Interaction Design and Children","location":"Braga Portugal","acronym":"IDC '22","sponsor":["SIGCHI ACM Special Interest Group on Computer-Human Interaction"]},"container-title":["Interaction Design and Children"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3501712.3529733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3501712.3529733","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T18:10:12Z","timestamp":1750183812000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3501712.3529733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3501712.3529733","10.1145\/3501712"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3501712.3529733","relation":{},"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-06-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}