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Technol."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The use of\n                    <jats:bold>machine learning (ML)<\/jats:bold>\n                    with\n                    <jats:bold>electronic health records (EHR)<\/jats:bold>\n                    is growing in popularity as a means to extract knowledge that can improve the decision-making process in healthcare. Such methods require training of high-quality learning models based on diverse and comprehensive datasets, which are hard to obtain due to the sensitive nature of medical data from patients. In this context,\n                    <jats:bold>federated learning (FL)<\/jats:bold>\n                    is a methodology that enables the distributed training of machine learning models with remotely hosted datasets without the need to accumulate data and, therefore, compromise it. FL is a promising solution to improve ML-based systems, better aligning them to regulatory requirements, improving trustworthiness and data sovereignty. However, many open questions must be addressed before the use of FL becomes widespread. This article aims at presenting a systematic literature review on current research about FL in the context of EHR data for healthcare applications. Our analysis highlights the main research topics, proposed solutions, case studies, and respective ML methods. Furthermore, the article discusses a general architecture for FL applied to healthcare data based on the main insights obtained from the literature review. The collected literature corpus indicates that there is extensive research on the privacy and confidentiality aspects of training data and model sharing, which is expected given the sensitive nature of medical data. Studies also explore improvements to the aggregation mechanisms required to generate the learning model from distributed contributions and case studies with different types of medical data.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3501813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,4]],"date-time":"2022-02-04T17:33:18Z","timestamp":1643995998000},"page":"1-23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":588,"title":["Federated Learning for Healthcare: Systematic Review and Architecture Proposal"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-492X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodolfo Stoffel","family":"Antunes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, S\u00e3o Leopoldo, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Andr\u00e9 da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, S\u00e3o Leopoldo, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"K\u00fcderle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Bayern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imrana Abdullahi","family":"Yari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Bayern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Eskofier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Bayern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2014.0041"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix731"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.10306"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e31817e18ae"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12135"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2017.2767063"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","first-page":"571","volume-title":"11th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI\u201914)","year":"2014","unstructured":"T. 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