{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:09:09Z","timestamp":1780708149950,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":234,"publisher":"Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)","issue":"10s","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.acm.org\/publications\/policies\/copyright_policy#Background"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2018YFA0704701"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0704701"]}]},{"name":"Shandong Key Research and Development Program","award":["2020ZLYS09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZLYS09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dl.acm.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ACM Comput. Surv."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A blockchain is a distributed system that achieves strong security guarantees in storing, managing, and processing data. All blockchains achieve a common goal: building a decentralized system that provides a trustworthy service in an untrustworthy environment. A blockchain builds a Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) system in which decentralized nodes run a protocol to reach an agreement on the common system state. In this article, we focus on the research of BFT protocols. In particular, we categorize BFT protocols according to both the system models and workflow. We seek to answer these important questions: How has the research in BFT evolved in the past four decades, especially with the rise of blockchains? What are the driven needs for BFT research in the future?<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1145\/3503042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T21:49:34Z","timestamp":1640209774000},"page":"1-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["BFT in Blockchains: From Protocols to Use Cases"],"prefix":"10.1145","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1665-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1385-6807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sisi","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-0158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Clavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5865-3408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"320","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"https:\/\/dahliamalkhi.github.io\/posts\/2020\/12\/what-they-didnt-teach-you-in-streamlet\/ What They Did Not Teach You in Streamlet="},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/github.com\/amiller\/HoneyBadgerBFT\/issues\/59 2018 Bug in ABA Protocol\u2019s Use of Common Coin"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from www.oecd.org\/finance\/2019-OECD-Global-Blockchain-Policy-Forum-Summary-Report.pdf 2019 The Policy Environment for Blockchain Innovation and Adoption. 2019 OECD Global Blockchain Policy Forum Summary Report"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/www.diem.com\/en-us\/ 2020 Diem"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/github.com\/jpmorganchase\/quorum 2020 Enterprise-ready Distributed Ledger and Smart Contract Platforms"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"https:\/\/github.com\/hyperledger\/burrow 2020 Hyperledger Burrow"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/github.com\/hyperledger\/iroha 2020 Hyperledger Iroha"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/id2020.org\/ 2020 ID2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from http:\/\/kadena.io\/ 2020 Kadena"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/aaisonline.com\/openidl 2020 OpenIDL"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from http:\/\/www.pimn.nl\/ 2020 Platform Identity Management Netherlands"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/www.poa.network\/ 2020 POA Network"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"https:\/\/gramoli.redbellyblockchain.io\/web\/doc\/talks\/facebook.pdf 2020 The Red Belly Blockchain"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/ripple.com\/ 2020 RippleNet"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/symbiont.io\/technology 2020 Symbiont Assembly"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/github.com\/tendermint\/tendermint 2020 Tendermint Core"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Retrieved February 12 2022 from https:\/\/foundation.app\/NyanCat\/nyan-cat-219 2021 Nyan Cat"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1095809.1095817"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32101-7_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","article-title":"Revisiting fast practical Byzantine fault tolerance: Thelma, Velma, and Zelma","author":"Abraham Ittai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ittai Abraham, Guy Gueta, Dahlia Malkhi, and Jean-Philippe Martin. 2018. Revisiting fast practical Byzantine fault tolerance: Thelma, Velma, and Zelma. arXiv:1801.10022","journal-title":"arXiv:1801.10022"},{"issue":"123","key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","article-title":"The blockchain consensus layer and BFT","volume":"3","author":"Abraham Ittai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ittai Abraham, Dahlia Malkhi, et\u00a0al. 2017. The blockchain consensus layer and BFT. Bulletin of EATCS 3, 123 (2017).","journal-title":"Bulletin of EATCS"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","unstructured":"Ittai Abraham Dahlia Malkhi Kartik Nayak Ling Ren and Alexander Spiegelman. 2017. Solida: A blockchain protocol based on reconfigurable Byzantine consensus. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Principles of Distributed Systems (OPODIS\u201917) J. Aspnes J. Leitao A. Bessani and P. Felber (Eds.). Schloss Dagstuhl- Leibniz-Zentrum fur Informatik GmbH Dagstuhl Publishing. 25."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ittai Abraham Dahlia Malkhi Kartik Nayak Ling Ren and Maofan Yin. 2020. Sync HotStuff: Simple and practical synchronous state machine replication. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) . IEEE 106\u2013118.","DOI":"10.1109\/SP40000.2020.00044"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3293611.3331612"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"104","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Alchieri Eduardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eduardo Alchieri, Fernando Dotti, Odorico M. Mendizabal, and Fernando Pedone. 2017. Reconfiguring parallel state machine replication. In SRDS. IEEE, 104\u2013113."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-64331-0_25"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2010.70"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","first-page":"105","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Amir Yair","year":"2006","unstructured":"Yair Amir, Claudiu Danilov, Jonathan Kirsch, John Lane, Danny Dolev, Cristina Nita-Rotaru, Josh Olsen, and David Zage. 2006. Scaling Byzantine fault-tolerant replication to wide area networks. In DSN. IEEE, 105\u2013114."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/QRS-C.2018.00038"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elli Androulaki Artem Barger Vita Bortnikov Christian Cachin Konstantinos Christidis Angelo De Caro David Enyeart Christopher Ferris Gennady Laventman Yacov Manevich et\u00a0al. 2018. Hyperledger fabric: A distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference . 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.1145\/3190508.3190538"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","first-page":"76","volume-title":"OPODIS","author":"Androulaki Elli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elli Androulaki, Christian Cachin, Dan Dobre, and Marko Vukoli\u0107. 2014. Erasure-coded Byzantine storage with separate metadata. In OPODIS. Springer, 76\u201390."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"297","volume-title":"ICDCS","author":"Aublin Pierre-Louis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pierre-Louis Aublin, Sonia Ben Mokhtar, and Vivien Qu\u00e9ma. 2013. RBFT: Redundant Byzantine fault tolerance. In ICDCS. IEEE, 297\u2013306."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","first-page":"1321","volume-title":"ICDCS","author":"Babay Amy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amy Babay, John Schultz, Thomas Tantillo, and Yair Amir. 2018. Toward an intrusion-tolerant power grid: Challenges and opportunities. In ICDCS. IEEE, 1321\u20131326."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","first-page":"328","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Babay Amy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amy Babay, John Schultz, Thomas Tantillo, Samuel Beckley, Eamon Jordan, Kevin Ruddell, Kevin Jordan, and Yair Amir. 2019. Deploying intrusion-tolerant SCADA for the power grid. In DSN. IEEE, 328\u2013335."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","first-page":"255","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Babay Amy","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amy Babay, Thomas Tantillo, Trevor Aron, Marco Platania, and Yair Amir. 2018. Network-attack-resilient intrusion-tolerant SCADA for the power grid. In DSN. IEEE, 255\u2013266."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","first-page":"585","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Bagaria Vivek Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vivek Kumar Bagaria, Sreeram Kannan, David Tse, Giulia C. Fanti, and Pramod Viswanath. 2019. Prism: Deconstructing the blockchain to approach physical limits. In CCS, Lorenzo Cavallaro, Johannes Kinder, XiaoFeng Wang, and Jonathan Katz (Eds.). ACM, 585\u2013602."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"904","volume-title":"IPDPS","author":"Bahsoun Jean-Paul","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jean-Paul Bahsoun, Rachid Guerraoui, and Ali Shoker. 2015. Making BFT protocols really adaptive. In IPDPS. IEEE, 904\u2013913."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3318041.3355458"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","article-title":"State machine replication in the Libra blockchain","author":"Baudet Mathieu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mathieu Baudet, Avery Ching, Andrey Chursin, George Danezis, Fran\u00e7ois Garillot, Zekun Li, Dahlia Malkhi, Oded Naor, Dmitri Perelman, and Alberto Sonnino. 2019. State machine replication in the Libra blockchain. The Libra Assn., Tech. Rep (2019).","journal-title":"The Libra Assn., Tech. Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"27","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Ben-Or Michael","year":"1983","unstructured":"Michael Ben-Or. 1983. Another advantage of free choice: Completely asynchronous agreement protocols (extended abstract). In PODC. ACM, 27\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","first-page":"183","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Ben-Or Michael","year":"1994","unstructured":"Michael Ben-Or, Boaz Kelmer, and Tal Rabin. 1994. Asynchronous secure computations with optimal resilience. In PODC. ACM, 183\u2013192."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","first-page":"183","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Berger Christian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christian Berger, Hans P. Reiser, Jo\u00e3o Sousa, and Alysson Bessani. 2019. Resilient wide-area Byzantine consensus using adaptive weighted replication. In SRDS. IEEE, 183\u2013192."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"412","volume-title":"FTCS","author":"Berman Piotr","year":"1993","unstructured":"Piotr Berman and Juan A. Garay. 1993. Randomized distributed agreement revisited. In FTCS. IEEE, 412\u2013419."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSN48063.2020.00057"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"169","volume-title":"ATC","author":"Bessani Alysson Neves","year":"2013","unstructured":"Alysson Neves Bessani, Marcel Santos, Jo\u00e3o Felix, Nuno Ferreira Neves, and Miguel Correia. 2013. On the efficiency of durable state machine replication. In ATC, Andrew Birrell and Emin G\u00fcn Sirer (Eds.). 169\u2013180."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","first-page":"331","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Bezerra Carlos Eduardo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carlos Eduardo Bezerra, Fernando Pedone, and Robbert Van Renesse. 2014. Scalable state-machine replication. In DSN. IEEE, 331\u2013342."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","unstructured":"Max Boddy. 2019. Philippine government tech department signs deal with blockchain firm. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/phillipine-government-tech-department-signs-deal-with-blockchain-firm."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"International Workshop on Public Key Cryptography","author":"Boldyreva Alexandra","year":"2003","unstructured":"Alexandra Boldyreva. 2003. Threshold signatures, multisignatures and blind signatures based on the gap-Diffie-Hellman-group signature scheme. In International Workshop on Public Key Cryptography. Springer, 31\u201346."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800222.806743"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(87)90054-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Corda: An introduction","volume":"1","author":"Brown Richard Gendal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Richard Gendal Brown, James Carlyle, Ian Grigg, and Mike Hearn. 2016. Corda: An introduction. R3 CEV, August 1 (2016), 15.","journal-title":"R3 CEV, August"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","volume-title":"Tendermint: Byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains","author":"Buchman Ethan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ethan Buchman. 2016. Tendermint: Byzantine fault tolerance in the age of blockchains. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Guelphence."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","first-page":"335","volume-title":"OSDI","author":"Burrows Mike","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mike Burrows. 2006. The Chubby lock service for loosely-coupled distributed systems. In OSDI. USENIX Association, 335\u2013350."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","first-page":"236","volume-title":"ICBC","author":"Buterin Vitalik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vitalik Buterin, Dani\u00ebl Reijsbergen, Stefanos Leonardos, and Georgios Piliouras. 2019. Incentives in Ethereum\u2019s hybrid Casper protocol. In ICBC. IEEE, 236\u2013244."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","first-page":"133","volume-title":"European Symposium on Research in Computer Security","author":"Cachin Christian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christian Cachin, Daniel Collins, Tyler Crain, and Vincent Gramoli. 2020. Anonymity preserving Byzantine vector consensus. In European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, 133\u2013152."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Symposium on Self-Stabilizing Systems","author":"Cachin Christian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Christian Cachin, Dan Dobre, and Marko Vukoli\u0107. 2014. Separating data and control: Asynchronous BFT storage with 2t+ 1 data replicas. In Symposium on Self-Stabilizing Systems. Springer, 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/1972495"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44647-8_31"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-005-0318-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","first-page":"167","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Cachin Christian","year":"2002","unstructured":"Christian Cachin and Jonathan A. Poritz. 2002. Secure intrusion-tolerant replication on the Internet. In DSN. IEEE, 167\u2013176."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_62_2","first-page":"7:1\u20137:16","volume-title":"OPODIS","author":"Cachin Christian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christian Cachin and Bj\u00f6rn Tackmann. 2019. Asymmetric distributed trust. In OPODIS, Pascal Felber, Roy Friedman, Seth Gilbert, and Avery Miller (Eds.), Vol. 153. 7:1\u20137:16."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_63_2","first-page":"1:1\u20131:16","volume-title":"DISC","author":"Cachin Christian","year":"2017","unstructured":"Christian Cachin and Marko Vukoli\u0107. 2017. Blockchain consensus protocols in the wild. In DISC. 1:1\u20131:16."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_64_2","article-title":"From symmetric to asymmetric asynchronous Byzantine consensus","author":"Cachin Christian","year":"2020","unstructured":"Christian Cachin and Luca Zanolini. 2020. From symmetric to asymmetric asynchronous Byzantine consensus. arXiv:2005.08795","journal-title":"arXiv:2005.08795"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_65_2","first-page":"42","volume-title":"STOC","author":"Canetti Ran","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ran Canetti and Tal Rabin. 1993. Fast asynchronous Byzantine agreement with optimal resilience. In STOC, Vol. 93. Citeseer, 42\u201351."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/571637.571640"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_67_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"AFT","author":"Chan Benjamin Y.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benjamin Y. Chan and Elaine Shi. 2020. Streamlet: Textbook streamlined blockchains. In AFT. ACM, 1\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1145\/1281100.1281103","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Chandra Tushar Deepak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tushar Deepak Chandra, Robert Griesemer, and Joshua Redstone. 2007. Paxos made live: An engineering perspective. In PODC, Indranil Gupta and Roger Wattenhofer (Eds.). ACM, 398\u2013407."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_69_2","article-title":"Blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens: Reshaping value chains in creative industries","author":"Chevet Sylve","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sylve Chevet. 2018. Blockchain technology and non-fungible tokens: Reshaping value chains in creative industries. Available at SSRN 3212662. Available at SSRN: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3212662.","journal-title":"Available at SSRN 3212662"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/71.663947"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rfs\/hhy122"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70972-7_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1145\/1294261.1294280","volume-title":"SOSP","author":"Chun Byung-Gon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Byung-Gon Chun, Petros Maniatis, Scott Shenker, and John Kubiatowicz. 2007. Attested append-only memory: Making adversaries stick to their word. In SOSP. 189\u2013204."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3427097"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1145\/3401025.3401739","volume-title":"DEBS","author":"Clavin James R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"James R. Clavin, Pradeep M. Prakash, and Sisi Duan. 2020. ByzGame: Byzantine generals game. In DEBS, Julien Gascon-Samson, Kaiwen Zhang, Khuzaima Daudjee, and Bettina Kemme (Eds.). ACM, 137\u2013140."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1145\/2332432.2332490","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Clement Allen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allen Clement, Flavio Junqueira, Aniket Kate, and Rodrigo Rodrigues. 2012. On the (limited) power of non-equivocation. In PODC. 301\u2013308."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_77_2","first-page":"153","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Clement Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen Clement, Edmund L. Wong, Lorenzo Alvisi, Michael Dahlin, and Mirco Marchetti. 2009. Making Byzantine fault tolerant systems tolerate Byzantine faults. In NSDI, Vol. 9. 153\u2013168."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_78_2","volume-title":"Tangaroa: A Byzantine fault tolerant raft","author":"Copeland Christopher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christopher Copeland and Hongxia Zhong. 2016. Tangaroa: A Byzantine fault tolerant raft. Technical Report. Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_79_2","first-page":"174","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Correia Miguel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Miguel Correia, Nuno Ferreira Neves, and Paulo Verissimo. 2004. How to tolerate half less one Byzantine nodes in practical distributed systems. In SRDS. IEEE, 174\u2013183."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/comjnl\/bxh145"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCCBS.2011.041257"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_82_2","volume-title":"EDCC","author":"Correia Miguel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miguel Correia, Paulo Verissimo, and Nuno Ferreira Neves. 2001. The design of a COTS real-time distributed security kernel. In EDCC."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_83_2","first-page":"177","volume-title":"OSDI","author":"Cowling James","year":"2006","unstructured":"James Cowling, Daniel Myers, Barbara Liskov, Rodrigo Rodrigues, and Liuba Shrira. 2006. HQ replication: A hybrid quorum protocol for Byzantine fault tolerance. In OSDI. USENIX Association, 177\u2013190."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_84_2","article-title":"DBFT: Efficient Byzantine consensus with a weak coordinator and its application to consortium blockchains","author":"Crain Tyler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tyler Crain, Vincent Gramoli, Mikel Larrea, and Michel Raynal. 2017. DBFT: Efficient Byzantine consensus with a weak coordinator and its application to consortium blockchains. arXiv:1702.03068","journal-title":"arXiv:1702.03068"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/isys-51804"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_86_2","volume-title":"ASIACRYPT","author":"Damgard Ivan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ivan Damgard, Yvo Desmedt, Matthias Fitzi, and Jesper Buus Nielsen. 2007. Secure protocols with asymmetric trust. In ASIACRYPT."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_87_2","first-page":"303","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Das Abhinandan","year":"2002","unstructured":"Abhinandan Das, Indranil Gupta, and Ashish Motivala. 2002. Swim: Scalable weakly-consistent infection-style process group membership protocol. In DSN. IEEE, 303\u2013312."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_88_2","first-page":"66","volume-title":"EUROCRYPT","author":"David Bernardo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bernardo David, Peter Gazi, Aggelos Kiayias, and Alexander Russell. 2018. Ouroboros Praos: An adaptively-secure, semi-synchronous proof-of-stake blockchain. In EUROCRYPT, Jesper Buus Nielsen and Vincent Rijmen (Eds.), Vol. 10821. Springer, 66\u201398."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_89_2","volume-title":"Italian Conference on Cyber Security","author":"Angelis Stefano De","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stefano De Angelis, Leonardo Aniello, Roberto Baldoni, Federico Lombardi, Andrea Margheri, and Vladimiro Sassone. 2018. PBFT vs proof-of-authority: Applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain. In Italian Conference on Cyber Security."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_90_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"ICDCN","author":"Decker Christian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christian Decker, Jochen Seidel, and Roger Wattenhofer. 2016. Bitcoin meets strong consistency. In ICDCN. ACM, 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1259-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_92_2","first-page":"398","volume-title":"ISCC","author":"Dettoni Fernando","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fernando Dettoni, Lau Cheuk Lung, Miguel Correia, and Aldelir Fernando Luiz. 2013. Byzantine fault-tolerant state machine replication with twin virtual machines. In ISCC. 398\u2013403."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2017.2781227"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3436728"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/0212045"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_96_2","first-page":"1084","volume-title":"Security and Privacy","author":"Drijvers Manu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manu Drijvers, Kasra Edalatnejad, Bryan Ford, Eike Kiltz, Julian Loss, Gregory Neven, and Igors Stepanovs. 2019. On the security of two-round multi-signatures. In Security and Privacy. 1084\u20131101."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_97_2","first-page":"253","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Duan Sisi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sisi Duan, Karl Levitt, Hein Meling, Sean Peisert, and Haibin Zhang. 2014. ByzID: Byzantine fault tolerance from intrusion detection. In SRDS. IEEE, 253\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_98_2","first-page":"272","volume-title":"NCA","author":"Duan Sisi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sisi Duan, Yun Li, and Karl Levitt. 2016. Cost sensitive moving target consensus. In NCA. IEEE, 272\u2013281."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_99_2","first-page":"91","volume-title":"OPODIS","author":"Duan Sisi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sisi Duan, Hein Meling, Sean Peisert, and Haibin Zhang. 2014. BChain: Byzantine replication with high throughput and embedded reconfiguration. In OPODIS. 91\u2013106."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2014.2312331"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_101_2","first-page":"61","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Duan Sisi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sisi Duan, Michael K. Reiter, and Haibin Zhang. 2017. Secure causal atomic broadcast, revisited. In DSN. IEEE, 61\u201372."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_102_2","first-page":"2028","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Duan Sisi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sisi Duan, Michael K. Reiter, and Haibin Zhang. 2018. BEAT: Asynchronous BFT made practical. In CCS. ACM, 2028\u20132041."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_103_2","first-page":"187","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Duan Sisi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sisi Duan and Haibin Zhang. 2016. Practical state machine replication with confidentiality. In SRDS. IEEE, 187\u2013196."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/42282.42283"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_105_2","first-page":"34","volume-title":"EDCC","author":"Eischer Michael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Michael Eischer and Tobias Distler. 2017. Scalable Byzantine fault tolerance on heterogeneous servers. In EDCC. IEEE, 34\u201341."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_106_2","first-page":"45","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Eyal Ittay","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ittay Eyal, Adem Efe Gencer, Emin G\u00fcn Sirer, and Robbert Van Renesse. 2016. Bitcoin-NG: A scalable blockchain protocol. In NSDI. 45\u201359."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/S0097539790187084"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA105946"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3149.214121"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1145\/872035.872066","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Fitzi Matthias","year":"2003","unstructured":"Matthias Fitzi and Juan A. Garay. 2003. Efficient player-optimal protocols for strong and differential consensus. In PODC. 211\u2013220."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_111_2","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2019. Outbreak Investigation of E. coli O157:H7 Linked to Romaine Lettuce Grown in CA. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/outbreaks-foodborne-illness\/outbreak-investigation-e-coli-romaine-salinas-california-november-201."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_112_2","unstructured":"The World Wildlife Foundation. 2020. From bait to plate: Preventing illegally caught seafood from entering our food chain. https:\/\/www.worldwildlife.org\/pages\/bait-to-plate."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_113_2","first-page":"643","volume-title":"European Symposium on Research in Computer Security","author":"Franklin Matthew","year":"2012","unstructured":"Matthew Franklin and Haibin Zhang. 2012. Unique group signatures. In European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. Springer, 643\u2013660."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39884-1_13"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_115_2","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Fynn Enrique","year":"2020","unstructured":"Enrique Fynn, Alysson Bessani, and Fernando Pedone. 2020. Smart contracts on the move. In DSN."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/128738.128741"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/945445.945450"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_118_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"SOSP","author":"Gilad Yossi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yossi Gilad, Rotem Hemo, Silvio Micali, Georgios Vlachos, and Nickolai Zeldovich. 2017. Algorand: Scaling Byzantine agreements for cryptocurrencies. In SOSP. ACM, 51\u201368."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_1_119_2","first-page":"12:1\u201312:45","article-title":"The next 700 BFT protocols","volume":"32","author":"Guerraoui Rachie","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rachie Guerraoui, Nikola Kne\u017eevi\u0107, Vivien Qu\u00e9ma, and Marko Vukoli\u0107. 2015. The next 700 BFT protocols. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 32, 4 (2015), 12:1\u201312:45.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computer Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_120_2","first-page":"568","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Gueta Guy Golan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guy Golan Gueta, Ittai Abraham, Shelly Grossman, Dahlia Malkhi, Benny Pinkas, Michael K. Reiter, Dragos-Adrian Seredinschi, Orr Tamir, and Alin Tomescu. 2019. SBFT: A scalable decentralized trust infrastructure for blockchains. In DSN. 568\u2013580."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3372297.3417262"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2876971"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_123_2","first-page":"363","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Hendricks James","year":"2010","unstructured":"James Hendricks, Shafeeq Sinnamohideen, Gregory R. Ganger, and Michael K. Reiter. 2010. Zzyzx: Scalable fault tolerance through Byzantine locking. In DSN. IEEE, 363\u2013372."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_124_2","first-page":"464","volume-title":"ICACT","author":"Huh Seyoung","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seyoung Huh, Sangrae Cho, and Soohyung Kim. 2017. Managing IoT devices using blockchain platform. In ICACT. IEEE, 464\u2013467."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_125_2","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference","volume":"8","author":"Hunt Patrick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Patrick Hunt, Mahadev Konar, Flavio Paiva Junqueira, and Benjamin Reed. 2010. ZooKeeper: Wait-free coordination for Internet-scale systems. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference, Vol. 8. Boston, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_126_2","unstructured":"Hyperledger. 2020. Case Study: How Walmart brought unprecedented transparency to the food supply chain with Hyperledger Fabric. Technical report. Hyperledger Foundation."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_127_2","article-title":"Blockchain for identity management","author":"Jacobovitz Ori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ori Jacobovitz. 2016. Blockchain for identity management. The Lynne and William Frankel Center for Computer Science Department of Computer Science. Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva (2016). Technical report.","journal-title":"The Lynne and William Frankel Center for Computer Science Department of Computer Science. Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_128_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/71.388042"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_129_2","unstructured":"Joonsang Baek and Yuliang Zheng. 2003. Simple and efficient threshold cryptosystem from the Gap Diffie-Hellma."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_130_2","volume-title":"GLOBECOM","author":"Baek Joonsang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Joonsang Baek and Yuliang Zheng. 2003. Simple and efficient threshold cryptosystem from the Gap Diffie-Hellman group. In GLOBECOM."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_131_2","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Junqueira F. P.","year":"2011","unstructured":"F. P. Junqueira, B. C. Reed, and M. Serafini. 2011. Zab: High-performance broadcast for primary-backup systems. In DSN."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_132_2","volume-title":"USENIX Security","author":"Kalodner Harry","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harry Kalodner, Steven Goldfeder, Xiaoqi Chen, S. Matthew Weinberg, and Edward W. Felten. 2016. Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts. In USENIX Security."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_1_133_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A study on the design of smart contracts mechanism based on the blockchain for anti-money laundering","volume":"19","author":"Kang Heejung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Heejung Kang, Hye Ri Kim, and Seng-phil Hong. 2018. A study on the design of smart contracts mechanism based on the blockchain for anti-money laundering. Journal of Internet Computing and Services 19, 5 (2018), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Journal of Internet Computing and Services"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_134_2","first-page":"295","volume-title":"EuroSys","author":"Kapitza R\u00fcdiger","year":"2012","unstructured":"R\u00fcdiger Kapitza, Johannes Behl, Christian Cachine, Tobias Distler, Simon Kuhnle, Seyed Vahid Mohammadi, Wolfgang Schr\u00f6der-Preikschat, and Klaus Stengel. 2012. CheapBFT: Resource-efficient Byzantine fault tolerance. In EuroSys. 295\u2013308."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_135_2","first-page":"237","volume-title":"OSDI","author":"Kapritsos Manos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Manos Kapritsos, Yang Wang, Vivien Quema, Allen Clement, Lorenzo Alvisi, and Mike Dahlin. 2012. All about eve: Execute-verify replication for multi-core servers. In OSDI. 237\u2013250."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11818175_27"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_137_2","first-page":"157","volume-title":"Security and Privacy (SP)","author":"Kerber Thomas","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thomas Kerber, Aggelos Kiayias, Markulf Kohlweiss, and Vassilis Zikas. 2019. Ouroboros crypsinous: Privacy-preserving proof-of-stake. In Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 157\u2013174."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2017.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_139_2","first-page":"357","volume-title":"CRYPTO","author":"Kiayias Aggelos","year":"2017","unstructured":"Aggelos Kiayias, Alexander Russell, Bernardo David, and Roman Oliynykov. 2017. Ouroboros: A provably secure proof-of-stake blockchain protocol. In CRYPTO, Jonathan Katz and Hovav Shacham (Eds.), Vol. 10401. Springer, 357\u2013388."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMCON.2018.8615007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1989727.1989732"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_142_2","first-page":"279","volume-title":"USENIX Security","author":"Kogias Eleftherios Kokoris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Nicolas Gailly, Ismail Khoffi, Linus Gasser, and Bryan Ford. 2016. Enhancing bitcoin security and performance with strong consistency via collective signing. In USENIX Security. 279\u2013296."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2308\/jeta-51911"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_144_2","first-page":"583","volume-title":"IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201918)","author":"Kokoris-Kogias Eleftherios","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias, Philipp Jovanovic, Linus Gasser, Nicolas Gailly, Ewa Syta, and Bryan Ford. 2018. Omniledger: A secure, scale-out, decentralized ledger via sharding. In IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP\u201918). 583\u2013598."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1658357.1658358"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_146_2","first-page":"575","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Kotla Ramakrishna","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ramakrishna Kotla and Michael Dahlin. 2004. High throughput Byzantine fault tolerance. In DSN. IEEE, 575\u2013584."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_147_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the NetDB","volume":"11","author":"Kreps Jay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jay Kreps, Neha Narkhede, Jun Rao, et\u00a0al. 2011. Kafka: A distributed messaging system for log processing. In Proceedings of the NetDB, Vol. 11. 1\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_148_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/195664.195670"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_149_2","unstructured":"Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC. https:\/\/www.iflr.com\/article\/b1lp1w9qwqhjh8\/blockchain-as-aml-tool-a-work-in-progress."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_150_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/279227.279229"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_151_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/357172.357176"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_152_2","volume-title":"Future Technologies Conference (FTC\u201917)","volume":"2017","author":"Lemieux Victoria L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Victoria L Lemieux. 2017. Blockchain and distributed ledgers as trusted recordkeeping systems. In Future Technologies Conference (FTC\u201917), Vol. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_153_2","volume-title":"OPODIS","author":"Lev-Ari Kfir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kfir Lev-Ari, Alexander Spiegelman, Idit Keidar, and Dahlia Malkhi. 2019. FairLedger: A fair blockchain protocol for financial institutions. In OPODIS."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_154_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"NSDI","author":"Levin Dave","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dave Levin, John R. Douceur, Jacob R. Lorch, and Thomas Moscibroda. 2009. TrInc: Small trusted hardware for large distributed systems. In NSDI. 1\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_155_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"EDCC","author":"Li Bijun","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bijun Li, Wenbo Xu, Muhammad Zeeshan Abid, Tobias Distler, and R\u00fcdiger Kapitza. 2016. Sarek: Optimistic parallel ordering in Byzantine fault tolerance. In EDCC. IEEE, 77\u201388."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_156_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3055518.3055531"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_157_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFOCT.2019.8711021"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_158_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/BLOC.2019.8751469"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_159_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"NCA","author":"Li Zhongmiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhongmiao Li, Peter Van Roy, and Paolo Romano. 2017. Enhancing throughput of partially replicated state machines via multi-partition operation scheduling. In NCA. IEEE, 1\u201310."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_160_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcs.2016.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_161_2","first-page":"437","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Liu Chao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chao Liu, Sisi Duan, and Haibin Zhang. 2020. EPIC: Efficient asynchronous BFT with adaptive security. In DSN. IEEE, 437\u2013451."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_162_2","article-title":"MiB: Asynchronous BFT with more replicas","volume":"2108","author":"Liu Chao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chao Liu, Sisi Duan, and Haibin Zhang. 2021. MiB: Asynchronous BFT with more replicas. CoRR abs\/2108.04488 (2021).","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_163_2","article-title":"Scalable Byzantine consensus via hardware-assisted secret sharing","author":"Liu Jian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jian Liu, Wenting Li, G. Karame, and N. Asokan. 2018. Scalable Byzantine consensus via hardware-assisted secret sharing. IEEE Transactions on Computers (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Computers"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_164_2","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Liu Zhuotao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhuotao Liu, Yangxi Xiang, Jian Shi, Peng Gao, Haoyu Wang, Xusheng Xiao, Bihan Wen, and Yih-Chun Hu. 2019. HyperService: Interoperability and programmability across heterogeneous blockchains. In CCS."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_165_2","first-page":"235","article-title":"Combining asynchronous and synchronous Byzantine agreement: The best of both worlds.","volume":"2018","author":"Loss Julian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Julian Loss and Tal Moran. 2018. Combining asynchronous and synchronous Byzantine agreement: The best of both worlds. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive 2018 (2018), 235.","journal-title":"IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_166_2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Luu Loi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loi Luu, Viswesh Narayanan, Chaodong Zheng, Kunal Baweja, Seth Gilbert, and Prateek Saxena. 2016. A secure sharding protocol for open blockchains. In CCS. ACM, 17\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_167_2","article-title":"Cobalt: BFT governance in open networks","author":"MacBrough Ethan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ethan MacBrough. 2018. Cobalt: BFT governance in open networks. arXiv:1802.07240","journal-title":"arXiv:1802.07240"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_168_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004460050050"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_169_2","first-page":"368","volume-title":"ICDCS","author":"Marandi Parisa Jalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parisa Jalili Marandi, Carlos Eduardo Bezerra, and Fernando Pedone. 2014. Rethinking state-machine replication for parallelism. In ICDCS. IEEE, 368\u2013377."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_170_2","first-page":"57","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Marandi Parisa Jalili","year":"2014","unstructured":"Parisa Jalili Marandi and Fernando Pedone. 2014. Optimistic parallel state-machine replication. In SRDS. IEEE, 57\u201366."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_171_2","first-page":"454","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Marandi Parisa Jalili","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parisa Jalili Marandi, Marco Primi, and Fernando Pedone. 2011. High performance state-machine replication. In DSN. IEEE, 454\u2013465."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_172_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tdsc.2006.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_173_2","unstructured":"Government Matters. 2018. HHS obtains first blockchain ATO in federal government. https:\/\/govmatters.tv\/hhs-obtains-first-blockchain-."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_174_2","article-title":"The stellar consensus protocol: A federated model for Internet-level consensus","volume":"32","author":"Mazieres David","year":"2015","unstructured":"David Mazieres. 2015. The stellar consensus protocol: A federated model for Internet-level consensus. Stellar Development Foundation 32 (2015).","journal-title":"Stellar Development Foundation"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_175_2","article-title":"How IBM and the CDC are testing blockchain to track health issues like the opioid crisis","volume":"4","author":"Melendez S.","year":"2018","unstructured":"S. Melendez. 2018. How IBM and the CDC are testing blockchain to track health issues like the opioid crisis. Fast Company 4 (2018).","journal-title":"Fast Company"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_176_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11294-2_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_177_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Healthcom","author":"Mettler Matthias","year":"2016","unstructured":"Matthias Mettler. 2016. Blockchain technology in healthcare: The revolution starts here. In Healthcom. IEEE, 1\u20133."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_178_2","unstructured":"Sal Miah. 2019. Japan is fast becoming the gold standard for blockchain adoption. https:\/\/hackernoon.com\/japan-is-fast-becoming-the-gold-standard-for-blockchain-adoption-p3s32kni."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_179_2","first-page":"31","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Miller Andrew","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andrew Miller, Yu Xia, Kyle Croman, Elaine Shi, and Dawn Song. 2016. The honey badger of BFT protocols. In CCS. ACM, 31\u201342."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_180_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2012.225"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_181_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TDSC.2008.76"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_182_2","first-page":"2","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Mostefaoui Achour","year":"2014","unstructured":"Achour Mostefaoui, Moumen Hamouma, and Michel Raynal. 2014. Signature-free asynchronous Byzantine consensus with \\( t\\lt n\/3 \\) and \\( O(n^2) \\) messages. In PODC. ACM, 2\u20139."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_183_2","volume-title":"Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system","author":"Nakamoto Satoshi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Satoshi Nakamoto. 2008. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Technical Report. Working Paper."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_184_2","article-title":"Deconstructing blockchains: A comprehensive survey on consensus, membership and structure","author":"Natoli Christopher","year":"2019","unstructured":"Christopher Natoli, Jiangshan Yu, Vincent Gramoli, and Paulo Esteves-Verissimo. 2019. Deconstructing blockchains: A comprehensive survey on consensus, membership and structure. arXiv:1908.08316","journal-title":"arXiv:1908.08316"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_185_2","unstructured":"Nestle. 2019. Nestl\u00e9 breaks new ground with open blockchain pilot. https:\/\/www.nestle.com\/media\/pressreleases\/allpressreleases\/nestle-open-blockchain-pilot."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_186_2","article-title":"A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain.","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen Giang-Truong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Giang-Truong Nguyen and Kyungbaek Kim. 2018. A survey about consensus algorithms used in blockchain. Journal of Information Processing Systems 14, 1 (2018).","journal-title":"Journal of Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_187_2","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Middleware","author":"Nikolaou Stavros","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stavros Nikolaou and Robbert van Renesse. 2015. Turtle consensus: Moving target defense for consensus. In Middleware. 185\u2013196."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_188_2","first-page":"305","volume-title":"ATC","author":"Ongaro Diego","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diego Ongaro and John Ousterhout. 2014. In search of an understandable consensus algorithm. In ATC. 305\u2013319."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_189_2","unstructured":"Helen Partz. 2018. Major South Korean city to build blockchain-enabled virtual power plant. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/major-south-korean-city-to-build-blockchain-enabled-virtual-power-plant."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_190_2","volume-title":"The ACM Symposium","author":"Pass Rafael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2017. FruitChains: A fair blockchain. In The ACM Symposium. 315\u2013324."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_191_2","volume-title":"DISC","author":"Pass Rafael","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2017. Hybrid consensus: Efficient consensus in the permissionless model. In DISC."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_192_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"EUROCRYPT","author":"Pass Rafael","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. 2018. Thunderella: Blockchains with optimistic instant confirmation. In EUROCRYPT. Springer, 3\u201333."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_193_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/645956.756681"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_194_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2886780"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_195_2","unstructured":"James Redmayne. 2019. From bait to plate: Blockchain platform platform tracks food\u2019s journey. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-australia-food-tracking\/from-bait-to-plate-blockchain-platform-tracks-foods-journey-idUSKCN1PH150."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_196_2","first-page":"35","article-title":"Blockchain technology and regulatory investigations","volume":"1","author":"Rennock Michael J. W.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Michael J. W. Rennock, Alan Cohn, and Jared R. Butcher. 2018. Blockchain technology and regulatory investigations. The Journal 1 (2018), 35\u201345.","journal-title":"The Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_197_2","unstructured":"Asia Blockchain Review. 2019. Malaysia\u2019s Melaka Straits city to become world\u2019s first blockchain city. https:\/\/www.asiablockchainreview.com\/malaysias-melaka-straits-city-to-become-worlds-first-blockchain-city\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_198_2","article-title":"Scalable and probabilistic leaderless bft consensus through metastability","author":"Rocket Team","year":"2019","unstructured":"Team Rocket, Maofan Yin, Kevin Sekniqi, Robbert van Renesse, and Emin G\u00fcn Sirer. 2019. Scalable and probabilistic leaderless bft consensus through metastability. arXiv:1906.08936","journal-title":"arXiv:1906.08936"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_199_2","volume-title":"Rosebud: A scalable Byzantine-fault-tolerant Storage Architecture","author":"Rodrigues Rodrigo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rodrigo Rodrigues and Barbara Liskov. 2003. Rosebud: A scalable Byzantine-fault-tolerant Storage Architecture. Technical Report. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_200_2","unstructured":"Benjamin Ross. 2018. US Health and Human Services looks to blockchain to manage unstructured data. https:\/\/www.clinicalresearchnewsonline.com\/news\/2018\/11\/29\/us-health-and-human-services-looks-to-blockchain-to-manage-unstructured-data."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_201_2","first-page":"266","volume-title":"ICDCS","author":"Santos Nuno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nuno Santos and Andr\u00e9 Schiper. 2013. Achieving high-throughput state machine replication in multi-core systems. In ICDCS. IEEE, 266\u2013275."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_202_2","article-title":"Poligraph: Intrusion-tolerant and distributed fake news detection system","author":"Shan Guohou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guohou Shan, Boxin Zhao, James R. Clavin, Haibin Zhang, and Sisi Duan. 2021. Poligraph: Intrusion-tolerant and distributed fake news detection system. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_203_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MSEC.2019.2893730"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_204_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12156158"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_205_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45539-6_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_206_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00145-001-0020-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_207_2","unstructured":"M. Smith. 2019. In wake of romaine E. coli scare Walmart deploys blockchain to track leafy greens. https:\/\/corporate.walmart.com\/newsroom\/2018\/09\/24\/in-wake-of-romaine-e-coli-scare-walmart-deploys-blockchain-to-track-leafy-greens."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_208_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47854-7_32"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_209_2","first-page":"438","volume-title":"DISC","author":"Song Yee Jiun","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yee Jiun Song and Robbert van Renesse. 2008. Bosco: One-step Byzantine asynchronous consensus. In DISC. Springer, 438\u2013450."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_210_2","first-page":"355","volume-title":"DSN","author":"Sousa Jo\u00e3o","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Sousa, Eduardo Alchieri, and Alysson Bessani. 2014. State machine replication for the masses with BFT-SMaRt. In DSN. 355\u2013362."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_211_2","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Sousa Jo\u00e3o","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jo\u00e3o Sousa and Alysson Bessani. 2016. Separating the WHEAT from the Chaff: An empirical design for geo-replicated state machines. In SRDS."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_212_2","article-title":"Ace: Abstract consensus encapsulation for liveness boosting of state machine replication","author":"Spiegelman Alexander","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alexander Spiegelman and Arik Rinberg. 2019. Ace: Abstract consensus encapsulation for liveness boosting of state machine replication. arXiv:1911.10486","journal-title":"arXiv:1911.10486"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_213_2","article-title":"Mir-BFT: High-throughput BFT for blockchains","author":"Stathakopoulou Chrysoula","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chrysoula Stathakopoulou, Tudor David, and Marko Vukolic. 2019. Mir-BFT: High-throughput BFT for blockchains. arXiv:1906.05552","journal-title":"arXiv:1906.05552"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_214_2","volume-title":"Security and Privacy","author":"Syta Ewa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ewa Syta, Iulia Tamas, Dylan Visher, David Isaac Wolinsky, Philipp Jovanovic, Linus Gasser, Nicolas Gailly, Ismail Khoffi, and Bryan Ford. 2016. Keeping authorities \u201chonest or bust\u201d with decentralized witness cosigning. In Security and Privacy."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_215_2","first-page":"163","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Toueg Sam","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sam Toueg. 1984. Randomized Byzantine agreements. In PODC. ACM, 163\u2013178."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_216_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-35476-2_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_217_2","volume-title":"OSDI","author":"Renesse Robbert Van","year":"2004","unstructured":"Robbert Van Renesse and Fred B. Schneider. 2004. Chain replication for supporting high throughput and availability. In OSDI, Vol. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_218_2","volume-title":"SRDS","author":"Veronese Giuliana Santos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giuliana Santos Veronese, Miguel Correia, Alysson Neves Bessani, and Lau Cheuk Lung. 2009. Spin one\u2019s wheels? Byzantine fault tolerance with a spinning primary. In SRDS."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_219_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TC.2011.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_220_2","first-page":"112","volume-title":"iNetSec","author":"Vukolic Marko","year":"2015","unstructured":"Marko Vukolic. 2015. The quest for scalable blockchain fabric: Proof-of-work vs. BFT replication. In iNetSec. 112\u2013125."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_221_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3055518.3055526"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_222_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining management in blockchain networks","author":"Wang Wenbo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wenbo Wang, Dinh Thai Hoang, Zehui Xiong, Dusit Niyato, Ping Wang, Peizhao Hu, and Yonggang Wen. 2018. A survey on consensus mechanisms and mining management in blockchain networks. arXiv:1805.02707 (2018), 1\u201333.","journal-title":"arXiv:1805.02707"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_223_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2019.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_224_2","first-page":"413","volume-title":"USENIX Annual Technical Conference","author":"Wang Yang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang Wang, Lorenzo Alvisi, and Mike Dahlin. 2012. Gnothi: Separating data and metadata for efficient and available storage replication. In USENIX Annual Technical Conference. 413\u2013424."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_225_2","volume-title":"Storage, Data, and Information Systems","author":"Wilkes John","year":"2008","unstructured":"John Wilkes, Christopher Hoover, Beth Keer, Pankaj Mehra, and Alistair Veitch. 2008. Storage, Data, and Information Systems. Technical Report. Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_226_2","article-title":"Kadena, the first scalable, high performance private blockchain","author":"Martino Will","year":"2016","unstructured":"Will Martino. 2016. Kadena, the first scalable, high performance private blockchain. Retrieved February 11, 2022 from https:\/\/d31d887a-c1e0-47c2-aa51-c69f9f998b07.fil esusr.com\/ugd\/86a16f_aeb9004965c34efd9c48993c4e63a9bb.pdf.","journal-title":"https:\/\/d31d887a-c1e0-47c2-aa51-c69f9f998b07.fil esusr.com\/ugd\/86a16f_aeb9004965c34efd9c48993c4e63a9bb.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_227_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger","volume":"151","author":"Wood Gavin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gavin Wood. 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum Project Yellow Paper 151 (2014), 1\u201332.","journal-title":"Ethereum Project Yellow Paper"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_228_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5555\/3349349"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_229_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSA.2017.22"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_230_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1165389.945470"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_231_2","volume-title":"PODC","author":"Yin Maofan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maofan Yin, Dahlia Malkhi, MK Reiterand, Guy Golan Gueta, and Ittai Abraham. 2019. HotStuff: BFT consensus with linearity and responsiveness. In PODC."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_232_2","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Security & Privacy","author":"Yu Haifeng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haifeng Yu, Ivica Nikolic, Ruomu Hou, and Prateek Saxena. 2020. OHIE: Blockchain scaling made simple. In Security & Privacy. IEEE, 90\u2013105."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_233_2","first-page":"931","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Zamani Mahdi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mahdi Zamani, Mahnush Movahedi, and Mariana Raykova. 2018. RapidChain: A fast blockchain protocol via full sharding. In CCS. 931\u2013948."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_234_2","volume-title":"CCS","author":"Zhang Fan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan Zhang, Ethan Cecchetti, Kyle Croman, Ari Juels, and Elaine Shi. 2016. Town crier: An authenticated data feed for smart contracts. In CCS."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_235_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/24675"}],"container-title":["ACM Computing Surveys"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3503042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3503042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T20:18:48Z","timestamp":1750191528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/3503042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"references-count":234,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10s","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1145\/3503042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3503042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0360-0300","1557-7341"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0360-0300","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7341","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-29","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}